Endocrine System Flashcards
This primarily consists of glands. Produces and releases hormones. Coordinates signals via blood to organs, skin, muscles.
Endocrine System
What are the functions of the endocrine system?
- Releases hormones into blood.
- Monitors hormone levels.
- Affects metabolism, homeostasis, growth, sexual function, reproduction, sleep-wake cycle, mood.
- Over 50 hormones affect these
aspects.
Located at brain base near optic chiasm.
Hypothalamus
Secretes hormones to stimulate or
suppress pituitary gland hormone release.
Hypothalamus
Controls water balance, sleep,
temperature, appetite, and blood
pressure.
Hypothalamus
Produces hormones regulating body processes.
Pituitary Gland
Sensitizes body’s needs and sends signals to
organs and glands.
Pituitary Gland
Affects metabolism, growth, sexual maturation,
reproduction, and blood pressure.
Pituitary Gland
Source of melatonin, hormone derived from
tryptophan & regulates circadian rhythm, 24-hour biological activity cycle.
Pineal Gland
Secretes triiodothyronine (T3)
and thyroxine (T4). These hormones regulate your weight, energy levels, internal temperature, skin, hair, nail growth, and metabolism.
Thyroid Gland
Part of endocrine system secreting hormones.
Mainly produce parathyroid hormone (PTH).
Regulates calcium, phosphorus, magnesium levels in bones and blood.
Parathyroid Glands
These hormones regulate your weight, energy levels, internal temperature, skin, hair, nail growth, and metabolism.
triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)
Small, triangular glands located on kidneys.
Produces hormones for metabolism, immune
system, blood pressure, stress response.
Composed of cortex and medulla for hormone
production.
Adrenal Glands
These are also known as sex hormones
Gonads
What are the female gonads?
Estrogen & Progesterone
Essential for reproduction and development of the female reproductive system.
Estrogen
Preparation for conception, regulates uterus changes, aids ovulation, and stimulates milk production during pregnancy.
Progesterone
What are the male gonads?
Testosterone & Androstenedione
Essential for bone and muscle growth, body hair growth, broader shoulder, voice deepening, and penis growth.
Testosterone
Precursor to estrogens and testosterone.
Androstenedione
Another hormone for blood sugar regulation.
Glucagon
Produced by ‘islets of Langerhans’ controls blood sugar levels.
Insulin
the largest endocrine organ, produces and releases hormones like gastrin and ghrelin, which are crucial for metabolism.
digestive tract
Filter blood and produce hormones like erythropoietin and renin, as part of the urinary system.
kidneys
a vital component of the digestive system, is responsible for producing hormones such as insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and
angiotensinogen.
Liver
What are the two hormones that the blood releases?
A-type natriuretic peptide and B-type natriuretic peptide
A temporary endocrine organ, that plays a crucial role in maintaining a healthy pregnancy, preparing the body for labor, and breastfeeding.
Placenta
A primary defense against germs that promotes healing and illness prevention.
Strengthening of this can be achieved through
nutritious food, exercise, and sleep.
Immune System
What are the functions of the Immune System?
- Protects against bacteria, viruses, fungus, parasites, cancer cells.
- Prevents invasions, minimizes injury, heals damage.
- Adapts to new threats.
Made in bone marrow, part of lymphatic system.
White blood cells
Search for foreign invaders like bacteria,
viruses, parasites, fungi & launch immune attack upon discovery.
White blood cells
Include lymphocytes like B-cells, T-cells, natural killer cells.
White blood cells
Recognize antigens on microbe surfaces or in their chemicals.
Antibodies
Mark microbes or toxins as foreign. Mark these antigens for destruction.
Antibodies
Is made up of proteins whose actions complement the work done by antibodies.
Complement System
Network of delicate tubes managing body fluid levels.
Lymphatic System
Absorbs fats from the intestine. Composed of lymph nodes and lymph vessels. Lymphatic fluid contains infection-fighting white blood cells.
Lymphatic System
Removes microbes. Destroys damaged red blood cells. Produces disease-fighting components of the immune system (including antibodies and lymphocytes).
Spleen
Spongy tissue inside bones. Produces red, white, and platelets. Essential for oxygen transport,
infection fight, and blood clotting.
Bone Marrow
Filters and monitors blood content. Produces T-lymphocytes.
Thymus
a waterproof barrier that secretes oil with bacteria-killing properties.
Skin
Traps foreign particles.
Phlegm
waves mucous upwards for
coughing.
Cilia
Mucous Lining Antibodies. Stomach acid kills most microbes.
Digestive Tract
