Endocrine System Flashcards
What is a thyroid gland?
iodine from food makes 3 hormones: T3, T4, Calcitonin
What is calcitonin?
tones down serum Ca, takes it out of blood and into bones
What is hyperthyroidism?
high energy, graves disease, high T4
What is the diagnosis for hyperthyroidism?
high T4, large glowing thyroid scan
What is the symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
weight loss, edema, nervousness, exophthalmos, enlarged thyroid, decreased attention span, intolerant to heat, clubbing, enlarged breast, high BP, pulse, Extreme appetite, rapid GI, excessive energy
What is the treatment of hyperthyroidism?
medication, radioactive iodine, surgery
What is the exophthalmos care in hyperthyroidism?
hypoallergenic tape to close eyelids, artificial tears, dark glasses for hypersensitivity
What is hypothyroidism?
high TSH, low T4, presenting symptoms
What is the symptoms of hypothyroidism?
intolerant to cold, alopecia, metabolism slow, slow speech, low energy, off emotions, weight gain
What is the treatment of hypothyroidism?
medication
What is the myxoedema coma in hypothyroidism?
rare and life threatening
- precipitated by infection/illness/trauma/surgery/meds
symptoms: puffy skins, edema, prickly sporse hair, prominent tongue
What is a parathyroid gland?
secretes PTH
What is a hyperparathyroid?
too much PTH
What is the symptoms of hyperparathyroid?
high Ca, low phosphate, sedation
What is the treatment of hyperparathyroid?
parathyroidectomy
What is hypoparathyroid?
too little PTH
What is the symptoms of hypoparathyroid?
low Ca, high phosphate, not sedated
What is the treatment of hypoparathyroid?
IV calcium, phosphate binding drugs
What is an adrenal gland?
releases cortex steroids
What are the three cortex steroids produced for adrenal glands?
glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, sex hormone
What is pheochromocytoma?
adrenal medulla illness
What is the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma?
24 hr urine to detect high levels of epi/norepinephrine
avoid stress during 24hr
What is the symptoms of pheochromocytoma?
flushing, increase pulse, rising BP, diaphoresis
What is the treatment of pheochromocytoma?
surgical removal of benign tumours
What is Addisons disease?
adrenocortical insufficiency
What is the cause of Addisons disease?
Hyperkalemia and hypoglycaemia
What is the treatment of Addisons disease?
meds: fludrocortisone
decreased K intake
daily weights
I/O
What is the symptoms of Addisons disease?
E: extremely low Na
V: vitiligo
I: increased K
L: low blood sugar
L: low BP
A: Anorexia
N: Nausea
D: decreased bowel sounds
What is addisonian crisis?
severe hypotension shock
What is the diagnosis of Addisons disease?
blood test, symptoms
What is Cushings disease?
adrenocortical hyperactivity
What is the cause of cushings disease?
too many steroids (aldosterone)
What is the symptoms of cushings disease?
I: increased HCL
M: moon face
A: amenorrhea
P: purple striae
I: irritability
N: Na and fluid retention
C: changes in personality
U: unusual bruising
S: susceptible to infection
H: hump on back
I: increased BS
O: osteoporosis
N: nubby thin extremities
What is the treatment of cushings disease?
surgery, meds, decreaseNa intake, increase K and Ca intake, daily weights, I/O, quiet stress free environment, avoid infection
What is the diagnosis of cushings disease?
blood test
symptoms
What is diabetes?
too much sugar in the blood not getting into the cells as a result of little or no insulin hormone
What is the normal lab values for diabetes?
3.9- 6.1
What are the three types of diabetes?
- type 1
- type 2
- gestational
What is type 1 diabetes?
needles and from birth
- produce little or no insulin
What is type 2 diabetes?
lifestyle choices causes diabetes
- produce little insulin or insult doesn’t work
What is gestational diabetes?
pregnancy diabetes
- moms pancreas cannot keep up with demands of mom and baby
- baby is hypoglycemia at birth
What are the complications of diabetes?
macrovascular: PVD, CAD, cerebrovascular disease
microvascular: retinpathy
What is hypoglycemia?
cool and clammy
- irritable, anxious, headache, tachycardia, impaired vision, restless, excessive hunger, dizzy
What is hyperglycaemia?
3 P
What is diabetic ketoacidosis?
dangerously increased BS
What is the treatment of ketoacidosis?
treat the cause
- monitor BS and K levels
- ABG
- Fluids to dilute blood
What is the symptoms of ketoacidosis?
- 3 P
- altered LOC, metabolic acidosis, fruity breath, hyperkalemia
