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REx-PN > Body Balance > Flashcards

Body Balance Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the normal lab value for pH?

A

7.35-7.45

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2
Q

What is the normal lab value for CO2?

A

35-45

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3
Q

What is the normal lab value for HCO3?

A

22-26

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4
Q

What are the main players when it comes to acid-base balance?

A

respiratory and renal systems

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5
Q

What is respiratory acidosis?

A

low Ph, high CO2

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6
Q

What is the symptoms of respiratory acidosis?

A

headaceh, hypoxia, rapid/shallow breaths, decreased LOC

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7
Q

What is the causes of respiratory acidosis?

A

pneumothorax, intoxication, collapsed lung, narcotics, COPD

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8
Q

What is the treatment if respiratory acidosis?

A

elevate HOB, o2, deep breathing and coughing, heat tube, suction secretions

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9
Q

What is respiratory alkalosis?

A

high pH, low Co2

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10
Q

What is the symptoms of respiratory alkalosis?

A

lightheaded, numbness, tingling in fingers/toes

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11
Q

What is the causes of respiratory alkalosis?

A

hyperventilation

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12
Q

What is the treatment of respiratory alkalosis?

A

fix hyperventilation

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13
Q

What is metabolic acidosis?

A

low PH, low bicarb

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14
Q

What is the symptoms of metabolic acidosis?

A

hyperkalemia, increased RR, dependent on cause

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15
Q

What is the causes of metabolic acidosis?

A

R: renal failure
S: starvation
A: acute diarrhea
D: DKA

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16
Q

What is the treatment of metabolic acidosis?

A

improve renal function and nutrition, stop diarrhea, reverse DKA

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17
Q

What is metabolic alkalosis?

A

high pH, kidney problem, high bicarb

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18
Q

What is the symptoms of metabolic alkalosis?

A

H: hypokalemia
A: altered LOC
D: dependent on cause

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19
Q

What is the causes of metabolic alkalosis?

A

L: loss of GI contents
A: antacid abuse (basic)
B: bicarb OB

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20
Q

What is the treatment of metabolic alkalosis?

A

treat the cause, prevent GI losses, replace K

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21
Q

what is the normal value for magnesium?

A

1.3-2.1

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22
Q

What is the normal value for calcium?

A

9-10.5

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23
Q

What is hypermagnesium?

A

high Mg in the blood
CAUSES: kidney failure
Treatment: dialysis

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24
Q

What is hyper calcium?

A

high Ca in the blood
CAUSES: immobility, blood, hyperparathyroidism
TREATMENT: increase Vitamin D, increase phosphorus in diet

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25
Q

What is the symptoms of hyper magnesium/calcemia?

A

highly sedated
- sedation
- decreased RR, Pulse, LOC, DTR
- flaccid muscles
- possible arrythmies

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26
Q

what is hypomagnesium?

A

low Mg in the blood
CAUSES: #1 alcoholism, malnutrition, diarrhea
TREATMENT: give Mg but monitor urine output

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27
Q

what is hypocalcemia?

A

low Ca in the blood
causes: hypoparathyroidism, thyroidectomy
TREATMENT: give Ca, monitor cardiac function. increase in Ca, give Vit D

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28
Q

What is the symptoms of hypo magnesium/calcemia?

A

opposite of sedated
- hyperreflexia
- increased DTR
- tight ridge spastic muscles
- chovsteks sign (cheek)
- trousseau’s sign: BP cuff
- difficulty swallowing- stridor/ laryngospasm
- possible arythmies

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28
Q

what is hypernatremia?

A

too much Na in blood

29
Q

What is the symptoms of hypernatremia?

A

S: skin flushing
A: agitation
L: low grade fever
T: thirst
E: edema
D: decreased output

30
Q

What is the causes and treatment of hypernatremia?

A

CAUSES:
H: high salt intake
O: osmotic diuretics
L: low H2O intake
D: DI and excessive H2O loss: diuresis/hyperventilation
TREATMENT:
- Na restricted diet, push fluids, lab monitoring, I&O, daily weights

31
Q

What is the normal lab value for natremia?

A

135- 145

32
Q

What is hyponatremia?

A

low Na in the blood

33
Q

What is the symptoms of hyponatremia?

A

C: coma
O: ongoing N&V
M: massive headache
A: abdo cramping
S: seizure

34
Q

What are the causes and treatment for hyponatremia?

A

CAUSES:
H: High H2O intake- polydipsia
2: 2 little Na
O: retain all their H2O
TREATMENT: increase the Na and decrease the H2O
- fluid restricted diet
- give Na
- lab monitoring

35
Q

What is hyperkalemia?

A

high K in the blood

36
Q

What is the symptoms of hyperkalemia?

A

M: muscle cramps
A: arrthmias
Y: yelling/yawning reflexes

D: decreased
I: impaired renal function
E: EKG changes: peaked T waves

37
Q

What is the causes and treatment for hyperkalemia?

A

CAUSES:
M: meds- ACE inhibitors/NSAIDS
A: acidosis- respiratory/ metabolic
D: destruction of cells- burn/injury

M: malfunctioning kidney
A: abnormal intake
N: not enough aldosterone (retention of Na)

TREATMENT: lower K
- k restricted diet
- dialysis

38
Q

what is the normal range for potassium?

A

3.5- 5

39
Q

What is hypokalemia?

A

low K in the blood

40
Q

What is the symptoms of hypokalemia?

A

W: weakness
A: alkalosis
Y: yelling muscle cramps

S: shallow respirations
I: irritable
C: cardiac arrhythmias/ arrest

41
Q

What is the causes and treatment of hypokalemia?

A

CAUSE:
D: diarrhea
V: vomitting
I: intake low
N: NG suction
E: excretion via diretics
TREATMENT:

42
Q

What are the three hormonal fluid regulation?

A
  1. aldosterone
  2. atrial natriuretic peptide
  3. anti-diuretic hormone
43
Q

What is aldosterone?

A

a steroid/ mineral corticoid
found in the adrenal glands
- causes Na retention, which causes h2o retention

44
Q

What is atrial natriuretic peptide?

A

found in the atrial of the heart
- works the opposite of aldosterone

45
Q

What is an anti-diuretic hormone?

A

found in pituitary gland
- causes h2o retention

46
Q

What is hypervolemia?

A

too much fluid in vascular space

47
Q

What is the symptoms for hypervolemia?

A

W: wet lungs sounds (crackles)
H: heavier - weight gain
I: increased Central venous pressure
P: peripheral edema and pitting
P: polyuria
E: elevated BP/Pulse
D: dissented neck veins

everything increased

48
Q

What is the cause and treatment for hypervolemia?

A

CAUSE: get shorts on, drowning in H2O
S: Increased IDH
H heart failure
O: over hydration
R: renal failure
T: too much IV fluid
S: sodium (oral/enema/ IV sol’n)

TREATMENT
- I&O, daily weights, Na/fluid restricted diet

49
Q

What is hypovolemia?

A

not enough fluid in the vascular space

50
Q

What are the symptoms of hypovolemia?

A

D: decreased turgor
R: rapid weight loss
I: increased respiratory
E: elevated pulse
D: decreased BP

O: Oral membrane dry
U: urine output decreased
T: tanking central venous pressure

51
Q

What is the cause and treatment of hypovolemia?

A

CAUSE: limited fluid, third spacing, diseases of polyuria (diabetes)
TREATMENT: replace volume and prevent further loss
- daily weights

52
Q

What is hypovolemic shock?

A

inadequate O2 and nutrients to support vital organs and cellular function

53
Q

What are the labs associated with hypovolemic shock?

A

BUN
CR M

54
Q

What is the symptoms of hypovolemic shock?

A

U: urine output decreased
R: restlessness hypoxia

I: increased HR
N: Non-palpable peripheral pulses

S: Beverly low BP
H: has confusion:LOC
O: o2 sat low
C: cold and clammy

55
Q

What is the causes of hypovolemic shock?

A

A: ascites
L: loss: hemorrhage
L: loss: vomiting

S: sweating
O: output- diuresis

B: burns
A: abnormal dehydration
A: abnormal edema
D: diarrhea

56
Q

What is the treatment of hypovolemic shock?

A
  • administer O2 first #1
  • replace fluid #2
  • modified trendelenburg
  • call doctor
  • stop source
  • meds (epinephrine/dompamine)
  • possible surgery
57
Q

What are the three stages of hypovolemic shock?

A
  1. Compensatory
  2. Progressive
  3. Irreversible
58
Q

Explain the compensatory stage of hypovolemic shock?

A

THINK CAN SURVIVE
- may be asymptomatic; fight or flight; body releases EPI/Norepo/ADH/HR increases to perfuse tissues

59
Q

Explain the progressive stage of hypovolemic shock?

A

THINK POSSIBLY SURVIVE
- symptomatic; lactic acid buildup; heart failing; tissue ischemia; organ failure

60
Q

Explain the irreversible stage of hypovolemic shock?

A

THINK ISN’T SURVIVE
- won’t respond to treatment; anaerobic metabolism causes lactic acid buildup; tissue death; multiple organ failure; imminent death

61
Q

What are the 5 types of shock?

A
  1. hypovolemic
  2. cardiogenic
  3. neurogenic
    4 anaphylactic
  4. septic
62
Q

What is hypovolemic shock?

A

loss of intravascular volume: decreased stroke volume and cardiac output

63
Q

What is cariogenic shock?

A

heart unable to pump blood forward adequately
- decreased stroke volume and cardiac output

64
Q

What is neurogenic shock?

A

caused by a spinal injury at or above the T5 and loss of ANS function below injury
- decreased venous return due to blood pooling: decreased BP/bradycardia, cardiac output
- no blood back to heart

65
Q

What is anaphylactic shock?

A

Allergic reaction causes release of histamines and massive vasodilation

66
Q

What is septic shock?

A

Massive vasodilation caused by inflammatory response to systemic infection
SEPTIC: think systemic infection

67
Q

What is hypotonic solution?

A

rehydrates the body/cells
hypO: Out of the vessel and into the cells(cells will swell)

68
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

fluid replacement: trauma, N&V, burns, sweating, polyuria

69
Q

What is hypertonic solution?

A

hypEr:Enters the vessel out of the cells (cells will shrink)

REx-PN (14 decks)

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