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Body Balance Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal lab value for pH?

A

7.35-7.45

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2
Q

What is the normal lab value for CO2?

A

35-45

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3
Q

What is the normal lab value for HCO3?

A

22-26

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4
Q

What are the main players when it comes to acid-base balance?

A

respiratory and renal systems

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5
Q

What is respiratory acidosis?

A

low Ph, high CO2

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6
Q

What is the symptoms of respiratory acidosis?

A

headaceh, hypoxia, rapid/shallow breaths, decreased LOC

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7
Q

What is the causes of respiratory acidosis?

A

pneumothorax, intoxication, collapsed lung, narcotics, COPD

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8
Q

What is the treatment if respiratory acidosis?

A

elevate HOB, o2, deep breathing and coughing, heat tube, suction secretions

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9
Q

What is respiratory alkalosis?

A

high pH, low Co2

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10
Q

What is the symptoms of respiratory alkalosis?

A

lightheaded, numbness, tingling in fingers/toes

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11
Q

What is the causes of respiratory alkalosis?

A

hyperventilation

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12
Q

What is the treatment of respiratory alkalosis?

A

fix hyperventilation

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13
Q

What is metabolic acidosis?

A

low PH, low bicarb

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14
Q

What is the symptoms of metabolic acidosis?

A

hyperkalemia, increased RR, dependent on cause

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15
Q

What is the causes of metabolic acidosis?

A

R: renal failure
S: starvation
A: acute diarrhea
D: DKA

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16
Q

What is the treatment of metabolic acidosis?

A

improve renal function and nutrition, stop diarrhea, reverse DKA

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17
Q

What is metabolic alkalosis?

A

high pH, kidney problem, high bicarb

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18
Q

What is the symptoms of metabolic alkalosis?

A

H: hypokalemia
A: altered LOC
D: dependent on cause

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19
Q

What is the causes of metabolic alkalosis?

A

L: loss of GI contents
A: antacid abuse (basic)
B: bicarb OB

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20
Q

What is the treatment of metabolic alkalosis?

A

treat the cause, prevent GI losses, replace K

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21
Q

what is the normal value for magnesium?

A

1.3-2.1

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22
Q

What is the normal value for calcium?

A

9-10.5

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23
Q

What is hypermagnesium?

A

high Mg in the blood
CAUSES: kidney failure
Treatment: dialysis

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24
Q

What is hyper calcium?

A

high Ca in the blood
CAUSES: immobility, blood, hyperparathyroidism
TREATMENT: increase Vitamin D, increase phosphorus in diet

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25
What is the symptoms of hyper magnesium/calcemia?
highly sedated - sedation - decreased RR, Pulse, LOC, DTR - flaccid muscles - possible arrythmies
26
what is hypomagnesium?
low Mg in the blood CAUSES: #1 alcoholism, malnutrition, diarrhea TREATMENT: give Mg but monitor urine output
27
what is hypocalcemia?
low Ca in the blood causes: hypoparathyroidism, thyroidectomy TREATMENT: give Ca, monitor cardiac function. increase in Ca, give Vit D
28
What is the symptoms of hypo magnesium/calcemia?
**opposite of sedated** - hyperreflexia - increased DTR - tight ridge spastic muscles - chovsteks sign (cheek) - trousseau's sign: BP cuff - difficulty swallowing- stridor/ laryngospasm - possible arythmies
28
what is hypernatremia?
too much Na in blood
29
What is the symptoms of hypernatremia?
S: skin flushing A: agitation L: low grade fever T: thirst E: edema D: decreased output
30
What is the causes and treatment of hypernatremia?
**CAUSES:** H: high salt intake O: osmotic diuretics L: low H2O intake D: DI and excessive H2O loss: diuresis/hyperventilation **TREATMENT:** - Na restricted diet, push fluids, lab monitoring, I&O, daily weights
31
What is the normal lab value for natremia?
135- 145
32
What is hyponatremia?
low Na in the blood
33
What is the symptoms of hyponatremia?
C: coma O: ongoing N&V M: massive headache A: abdo cramping S: seizure
34
What are the causes and treatment for hyponatremia?
**CAUSES:** H: High H2O intake- polydipsia 2: 2 little Na O: retain all their H2O **TREATMENT:** increase the Na and decrease the H2O - fluid restricted diet - give Na - lab monitoring
35
What is hyperkalemia?
high K in the blood
36
What is the symptoms of hyperkalemia?
M: muscle cramps A: arrthmias Y: yelling/yawning reflexes D: decreased I: impaired renal function E: EKG changes: peaked T waves
37
What is the causes and treatment for hyperkalemia?
**CAUSES:** M: meds- ACE inhibitors/NSAIDS A: acidosis- respiratory/ metabolic D: destruction of cells- burn/injury M: malfunctioning kidney A: abnormal intake N: not enough aldosterone (retention of Na) **TREATMENT:** lower K - k restricted diet - dialysis
38
what is the normal range for potassium?
3.5- 5
39
What is hypokalemia?
low K in the blood
40
What is the symptoms of hypokalemia?
W: weakness A: alkalosis Y: yelling muscle cramps S: shallow respirations I: irritable C: cardiac arrhythmias/ arrest
41
What is the causes and treatment of hypokalemia?
**CAUSE**: D: diarrhea V: vomitting I: intake low N: NG suction E: excretion via diretics **TREATMENT**:
42
What are the three hormonal fluid regulation?
1. aldosterone 2. atrial natriuretic peptide 3. anti-diuretic hormone
43
What is aldosterone?
a steroid/ mineral corticoid found in the adrenal glands - causes Na retention, which causes h2o retention
44
What is atrial natriuretic peptide?
found in the atrial of the heart - works the opposite of aldosterone
45
What is an anti-diuretic hormone?
found in pituitary gland - causes h2o retention
46
What is hypervolemia?
too much fluid in vascular space
47
What is the symptoms for hypervolemia?
W: wet lungs sounds (crackles) H: heavier - weight gain I: increased Central venous pressure P: peripheral edema and pitting P: polyuria E: elevated BP/Pulse D: dissented neck veins everything increased
48
What is the cause and treatment for hypervolemia?
**CAUSE**: get shorts on, drowning in H2O S: Increased IDH H heart failure O: over hydration R: renal failure T: too much IV fluid S: sodium (oral/enema/ IV sol'n) **TREATMENT** - I&O, daily weights, Na/fluid restricted diet
49
What is hypovolemia?
not enough fluid in the vascular space
50
What are the symptoms of hypovolemia?
D: decreased turgor R: rapid weight loss I: increased respiratory E: elevated pulse D: decreased BP O: Oral membrane dry U: urine output decreased T: tanking central venous pressure
51
What is the cause and treatment of hypovolemia?
CAUSE: limited fluid, third spacing, diseases of polyuria (diabetes) TREATMENT: replace volume and prevent further loss - daily weights
52
What is hypovolemic shock?
inadequate O2 and nutrients to support vital organs and cellular function
53
What are the labs associated with hypovolemic shock?
BUN CR M
54
What is the symptoms of hypovolemic shock?
U: urine output decreased R: restlessness *hypoxia* I: increased HR N: Non-palpable peripheral pulses S: Beverly low BP H: has confusion:LOC O: o2 sat low C: cold and clammy
55
What is the causes of hypovolemic shock?
A: ascites L: loss: hemorrhage L: loss: vomiting S: sweating O: output- diuresis B: burns A: abnormal dehydration A: abnormal edema D: diarrhea
56
What is the treatment of hypovolemic shock?
- administer O2 first #1 - replace fluid #2 - modified trendelenburg - call doctor - stop source - meds (epinephrine/dompamine) - possible surgery
57
What are the three stages of hypovolemic shock?
1. Compensatory 2. Progressive 3. Irreversible
58
Explain the compensatory stage of hypovolemic shock?
THINK CAN SURVIVE - may be asymptomatic; fight or flight; body releases EPI/Norepo/ADH/HR increases to perfuse tissues
59
Explain the progressive stage of hypovolemic shock?
THINK POSSIBLY SURVIVE - symptomatic; lactic acid buildup; heart failing; tissue ischemia; organ failure
60
Explain the irreversible stage of hypovolemic shock?
THINK ISN'T SURVIVE - won't respond to treatment; anaerobic metabolism causes lactic acid buildup; tissue death; multiple organ failure; imminent death
61
What are the 5 types of shock?
1. hypovolemic 2. cardiogenic 3. neurogenic 4 anaphylactic 5. septic
62
What is hypovolemic shock?
loss of intravascular volume: decreased stroke volume and cardiac output
63
What is cariogenic shock?
heart unable to pump blood forward adequately - decreased stroke volume and cardiac output
64
What is neurogenic shock?
caused by a spinal injury at or above the T5 and loss of ANS function below injury - decreased venous return due to blood pooling: decreased BP/bradycardia, cardiac output - no blood back to heart
65
What is anaphylactic shock?
Allergic reaction causes release of histamines and massive vasodilation
66
What is septic shock?
Massive vasodilation caused by inflammatory response to systemic infection SEPTIC: think systemic infection
67
What is hypotonic solution?
rehydrates the body/cells hypO: Out of the vessel and into the cells(cells will swell)
68
What is an isotonic solution?
fluid replacement: trauma, N&V, burns, sweating, polyuria
69
What is hypertonic solution?
hypEr:Enters the vessel out of the cells (cells will shrink)

REx-PN (14 decks)

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