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ATI TEAS: HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY > endocrine system > Flashcards

endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

glands of the endocrine system

a gland is a specific type of organ that secretes

A

hormones into the blood to target and affect other organs

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2
Q

glands of the endocrine system

the major glands in the endocrine system

A

pineal
pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid
thymus
adrenal

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3
Q

glands of the endocrine system

organs contain endocrine tissue and produce hormones are the

A

pancreas and the ovaries or testes

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4
Q

glands of the endocrine system

the hypothalamus is a part of the

A

brain involved in the endocrine system and it controls the pituitary gland that is below it

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5
Q

glands of the endocrine system

the pineal gland is located in the middle of the

A

brain

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6
Q

glands of the endocrine system

the thyroid and parathyroid glands are found in the

A

neck

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7
Q

glands of the endocrine system

the adrenal glands are located on the top of each

A

kidney

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8
Q

functions of the endocrine system

the endocrine system regulates many body functions by controlling the amount of

A

hormones released

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9
Q

functions of the endocrine system

all body systems are regualted by the endocrine system in some way like

A

regualtion of blood production
appetite
reproduction
brain function
sleep cycle
electrolyte balance
growth
sexual development
response to stress and injury

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10
Q

functions of the endocrine system

glands and organs secrete

A

hormones into the blood to be transported to target organs and tissues to control their function

an ex the pancreas releases the hormone insulin which signals cells to uptake sugar

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11
Q

functions of the endocrine system

the pineal gland releases the hormone

A

melatonin which is involved in regulating sleep cycles

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12
Q

functions of the endocrine system

endocrine glands produces hormones that have different

A

chemical structures

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13
Q

functions of the endocrine system

lipid based hormones can enter a

A

cell and regulate DNA

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14
Q

functions of the endocrine system

some non-polar, fat-soluble hormones such as

A

estrogen and progesterone are released in a pattern set by age and development and their effects are long-lasting

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15
Q

functions of the endocrine system

reproductive hormones are responsible for

A

gamete production

for ex estrogen production increases at puberty and leads to the development of secondary sex characteristics

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16
Q

functions of the endocrine system

other polar, water-soluble hormones such as

A

epinephrine are released in response to stress and their actions are short, lived

17
Q

functions of the endocrine system

hormone receptors on the cell membrane cause

A

cellular changes to regulate and control body functions

18
Q

functions of the endocrine system

when the adrenal glands secrete

A

epinephrine into the bloodstream, heart rate
blood pressure
muscle strength
metabolism
increase

this response is called “the fight-or-flight” response

19
Q

functions of the endocrine system

hormone imbalance can cause metabolic diseases like

A

diabetes
hyperthyroidism
gigantism

20
Q

functions of the endocrine system

for ex in people with hyperthyroidism the thyroid gland releases too much

A

thyroxine

this can lead to an increase in both weight loss and heartbeat

to diagnose doctors look for elevated levels of thyroxine in the blood

21
Q

functions of the endocrine system

gigantism occurs when the

A

pituitary gland makes too much growth hormone causing excessive growth

gigantism is too much GH in children, too much GH in adults is acromegaly

22
Q

functions of the endocrine system

hormone levels are often measured to determine if an

A

endocrine-related disease is present

23
Q

homeostasis

homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant

A

internal environment

it helps the cells to work as efficiently as possible

24
Q

homeostasis

most homeostatic mechanisms work through

A

feedback systems and they are mainly controlled by endocrine glands

feedback systems bring about physiological and behavioral changes, which help maintain the internal constancy

25
Q

homeostasis

ex of homeostasis

A
  • maintaining the constant concentration of glucose in the blood, which is controlled by the hormones insulin and glucagon
  • maintaining the right amount of water in the blood which is under the control of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secreted by the pituitary gland
26
Q

pos and neg feedback mechanisms

positive feedback causes an

A

increase in the secretion of a hormone

27
Q

pos and neg feedback mechanisms

an ex of pos feedback is the secretion of the hormone

A

oxytocin

during childbirth the cervical stretching from fetal pressure triggers a release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary

oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions that in turn cause the fetus to push against and stretch the cervix even more

this pos feedback continues until the fetus is expelled through the cervix

28
Q

pos and neg feedback mechanisms

most hormone levels in the body are regulated through

A

neg feedback and are influenced by the production of a releasing hormone or an inhibiting hormone

29
Q

pos and neg feedback mechanisms

neg feedback helps to maintain

A

homeostasis

the cells of the pancreas are able to adjust the amount of hormone they secrete in proportion to the amount of blood glucose they detect

when the blood sugar levels are too high the beta cells of the pancreas release the hormone insulin

this signals the cells to uptake sugar which lowers the blood sugar levels

when blood glucose levels are too low alpha cells secrete a different hormone glucagon
this hormone promotes the breakdown of glycogen which is stored in the liver and in muscle cells into glucose which raises blood sugar levels
the hormone secretion is stopped when a homeostatic level of blood glucose is detected

30
Q

the central nervous system and the endocrine system

the nervous system is involved in rapid communication within the body as it detects

A

stimuli and coordinated responses quickly

31
Q

the central nervous system and the endocrine system

the endocrine system is generally involved with comparatively slower and more long-lasting responses to stimuli than the

A

nervous system

32
Q

the central nervous system and the endocrine system

the integration of the nervous system and the endocrine system is called the

A

activation of the neuroendocrine system

33
Q

the central nervous system and the endocrine system

ex of activation of the neuroendocrine system

A

the hypothalamus of the brain directs the activities of the pituitary gland

certain biochemical levels send messages to the hypothalamus, which either stimilates or turns off messages to the pituitary gland which is located just below the brain

specialized cells in the hypthalamus secrete hormones called “releasing hormones” or “inhibiting hormones” to the pituitary

the pituitary gland then makes and sends specific hormones to target organs

for ex the pituitary gland secretes FSH which functions in egg development in the ovaries

34
Q

the central nervous system and the endocrine system

another ex of activation of the neuroendocrine system

A

occurs in childbirth

during labor the pressure of the fetus on the cervix sends signals through the nervous system to the hypothalamus which results in oxytocin being secreted by the posterior pituitary gland

35
Q

practice problems

which of the following best describes the kind of message sent in the endocrine system?

a. electrical signals between axons
b. chemical signals that travel through the bloodstream
c. physical sensory signals received through the integumentary system
d. audiovisual signals processed through the brain

A

b. chemical signals that travel through the bloodstream

36
Q

practice problems

which of the following structures secretes releasing hormones?

a. hypothalamus
b. pituitary
c. pancreas
d. liver

A

a. hypothalamus

37
Q

practice problems

which of the following is a function of the pineal gland?

a. releasing growth hormone
b. releasing melatonin
c. releasing insulin and glucagon
d. releasing luteinizing hormone

A

b. releasing melatonin

38
Q

practice problems

which of the following glands releases epinephrine during stress?

a. hypothalamus
b. adrenal glands
c. pancreas
d. pituitary gland

A

b. adrenal glands

ATI TEAS: HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY (9 decks)

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