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a215 - block four > endocrine system > Flashcards

endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of an endocrine gland?

A

secretes hormones into the bloodstream

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2
Q

what is a hormone?

A

a chemical messenger that regulates the activity of other body cells
- slow messenger
- requires blood supply

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3
Q

each hormone will have a ______________ and an ___________ (_____________) on that ______________

A

target, effect (function), target

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4
Q

what cells respond to it (have receptors for it)

A

targets

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5
Q

how do they respond to it (what happens when those cells come in contact with the hormone)

A

function

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6
Q

what constantly adjusts hormone levels?

A

feedback loops

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7
Q
  • a stimulus causes an endocrine organ to release hormones
  • the hormone helps bring the body back to homeostasis
  • once homeostasis is achieved, the hormone release stops
A

negative feedback loop

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8
Q

all endocrine glands in the body

A

endocrine system

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9
Q

what oversees the endocrine system?

A

hypothalamus

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10
Q

what three ways does the hypothalamus exert control over the endocrine system?

A
  • produces “releasing” (and some inhibiting) hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary (middle management)
  • produces hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary
  • oversees the autonomic nervous system
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11
Q

what connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

A

infundibulum

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12
Q

what is the bony part where the pituitary gland sits?

A

sella turcia

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13
Q

what are the divisions of the pituitary gland?

A

anterior and posterior

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14
Q

axons from hypothalamus cells
stores two hormones produced by hypothalamus

A

posterior pituitary

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15
Q

what two hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete?

A

oxytocin (OT) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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16
Q

what is the target of oxytocin (OT)?

A

reproductive organs

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17
Q

what are the functions of oxytocin (OT)?

A

stimulate smooth muscle contraction in reproductive organs (especially uterine)
- stimulate breastmilk release

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18
Q

what is the target of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

A

kidneys (and blood vessels)

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19
Q

what is the function of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

A

inhibits urine formation/promotes water reabsorption

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20
Q

where are OT and ADH produced?

A

hypothalamus

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21
Q

where are OT and ADH released and stored?

A

posterior pituitary

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22
Q

controlled by the hypothalamus via regulatory hormones

A

anterior pituitary

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23
Q

what are the anterior pituitary hormones?

A

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin (PRL), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), growth hormone (GH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH)

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24
Q

what is the target of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)?

A

thyroid gland

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25
Q

what is the function of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)?

A

stimulates thyroid to produce/release its own hormones

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26
Q

what is the target of prolactin (PRL)?

A

mammary glands

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27
Q

what is the function of prolactin (PRL)?

A

stimulates breastmilk production

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28
Q

what is the target of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

A

adrenal cortex

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29
Q

what is the function of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

A

stimulates adrenal cortex to release its hormones

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30
Q

what is the target of growth hormone (GH)?

A

most body cells, but especially bone and skeletal muscle

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31
Q

what is the function of growth hormone (GH)?

A

stimulates growth

32
Q

what is the target of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)?

A

ovaries/testes

33
Q

what is the target of the luteinizing hormone (LH)?

A

ovaries/testes

34
Q

what is the location of the thyroid gland?

A

anterior to trachea and inferior to larynx

35
Q

what two hormones does the thyroid gland produce?

A

thyroid hormone (TH) and calcitonin

36
Q

stimulated by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
produced by follicle cells

A

thyroid hormone (TH)

37
Q

what is the target of thyroid hormone (TH)?

A

virtually all cells of the body

38
Q

what is the function of thyroid hormone (TH)?

A

increase metabolism (and thus, heat production)

39
Q

stimulated by high calcium levels in the blood
produced by parafollicular cells

A

calcitonin

40
Q

what is the target of calcitonin?

A

bone

41
Q

what is the function of calcitonin?

A

encourages deposition of calcium from bloodstream into bone tissue, so it lowers blood calcium levels by encouraging osteoblasts

42
Q

secrete bone matrix

A

osteoblasts

43
Q

four tiny oval masses on posterior thyroid

A

parathyroid glands

44
Q

what hormone is secreted by the parathyroid glands?

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

45
Q

what is the target of parathyroid hormone?

A

bone

46
Q

what is the function of parathryoid hormone?

A

encourages uptake of calcium into bloodstream from bone, so it raises blood calcium levels by encouraging osteoclasts

47
Q

stimulated by low levels of calcium in blood

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

48
Q

what hormone is secreted when blood calcium levels are high?

A

calcitonin

49
Q

what hormone is secreted when blood calcium levels are low?

A

parathyroid hormone

50
Q

what gland secretes calcitonin?

A

thyroid gland

51
Q

what gland secretes parathyroid hormone?

A

parathyroid gland

52
Q

what is the end effect of blood calcium levels with calcitonin?

A

lowered

53
Q

what is the end effect of blood calcium levels with parathyroid hormone?

A

raised

54
Q

where are the adrenal glands located?

A

ontop of the kidneys

55
Q

what does the adrenal cortex do?

A

releases corticosteroids in response to ACTH

56
Q

what are the three corticosteroids?

A

mineralcorticoids (salt)
glucocorticoids (sugar)
androgens (sex)

57
Q

controls balance of sodium and potassium in body fluids

A

mineralcorticoids

58
Q

stimulates metabolism of gluocose

A

gluocorticoids

59
Q

small amount of these hormones are secreted

A

androgens

60
Q

stimulated by the autonomic (sympathetic) nervous system (4th pathway - preganglionic sympathetic pathway)

A

adrenal medulla

61
Q

what is secreted by the adrenal medulla?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

62
Q

what do epinephrine and norepinephine do?

A

work with sympathetic division of ANS to stimulate fight-or-flight response

63
Q

true or false, pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions

A

true

64
Q

what do pancreatic islets produce?

A

hormones

65
Q

what hormones are secreted by the pancreas?

A

insulin and glucagon

66
Q

what is the function of insulin?

A

lowers blood sugar (glucose) levels
- enhances cells to pick up glucose
- helps convert some glucose into glycogen (a carbohydrate)

67
Q

what is the function of glucagon?

A

raises blood sugar levels
- breaks down glycogen into glucose

68
Q

what hormone is secreted when blood glucose levels are high?

A

insulin

69
Q

what hormone is secreted when blood glucose levels are low?

A

glucagon

70
Q

what gland is insulin and glucagon secreted from?

A

pancreas

71
Q

what is the end effect of insulin on blood glucose levels?

A

lowers

72
Q

what is the end effect of glucagon on blood sugar levels?

A

raises

73
Q

melatonin (circadian rhythm)

A

pineal

74
Q

hormones to stimulate and promote growth of t-lymphocytes

A

thymus

75
Q

hormones related to various functions of these organs

A

kidney, heart, GI tract

76
Q

what do ovaries produce?

A

estrogen and progesterone

77
Q

what do testes produce?

A

androgens (especially testosterone)

a215 - block four (10 decks)

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