ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards by Thea Guesaed

2nd great controlling system in the body

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

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Secreted by the anterior and posterior pituitary gland, the pancreas, the parathyroid gland

PROTEINS AND POLYPEPTIDES

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secreted by the adrenal cortex, ovaries, testes, and placenta

STEROIDS

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secreted by the thyroid and adrenal medullae

DERIVATIVES OF THE AMINO ACID TYROSINE

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gland responsible for the control of emotional and motivational drive

HYPOTHALAMUS

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gland that regulates temperature, control the body weight, drive to eat and drink, emotions.

HYPOTHALAMUS

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hormone of the hypothalamus that stimulates secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

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hormone of the hypothalamus that causes release of adrenocorticotropic hormone

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

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hormone of the hypothalamus that causes release of growth hormone

Growth hormone–releasing hormone

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hormone of the hypothalamus that inhibits release of growth hormone

Growth hormone inhibitory hormone (somatostatin)

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hormone of the hypothalamus that causes release of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

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hormone of the hypothalamus that inhibits release of prolactin

prolactin inhibiting factor

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a gland that lies in the Sella Turcica (Bony cavitation at the base of the brain and it is connected to hypothalamus by Pituitary (hypophysial) stalk)

PITUITARY GLAND/ HYPOPHYSIS

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another name for the anterior pituitary

Adenohypophysis

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another name for the posterior pituitary

Neurohypophysis

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cell type of the anterior pituitary gland that produces human growth hormone (hGH)

Somatotropes

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cell type of the anterior pituitary gland that produces adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)

Corticotropes

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cell type of the anterior pituitary gland that produces thyroid-stimulatinghormone (TSH)

Thyrotropes

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cell type of the anterior pituitary gland that produces gonadotropic hormones, which include both luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Gonadotropes

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cell type of the anterior pituitary gland that produces prolactin (PRL)

Lactotropes

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hormone in the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates protein synthesis and overall growth of most cells and tissues

Growth hormone (Somatotropin)

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hormone in the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones (thyroxine/T4 and triiodothyronine/T3) cellular metabolism/activities

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

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hormone in the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenocortical hormones (cortisol, androgens,and aldosterone) released at the adrenal gland

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

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hormone in the anterior pituitary gland that promotes development of the female breasts and secretion of milk

Prolactin

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hormone in the anterior pituitary gland that causes growth of follicles in the ovaries and sperm maturation in Sertoli cells of testes

Follicle-stimulating hormone

hormone in the anterior pituitary gland that- Males: Stimulates testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells of testes; Females: stimulates ovulation, formation of corpus luteum, and estrogen and progesterone synthesis in ovaries

Luteinizing hormone

hormone in the anterior pituitary gland that increases skin pigmentation

MSH – Melanocytestimulating hormone

gland that orginates from the neural tissue outgrowth of the hypothalamus. hormones in this gland are synthesized by the cell bodies in the hypothalamus- magnocellular neurons

Posterior Pituitary Gland

hormone in the pituitary gland that increases water reabsorption by the kidneys and causes vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure

Antidiuretic hormone (also called vasopressin)

hormone in the pituitary gland that stimulates milk ejection from breasts and uterine contractions; milk ejection via sucking reflex

Oxytocin

gland that is located immediately below the larynx on each side and anterior to the trachea; also one of the largest of the endocrine glands, normally weighing 15 to 20 grams in adults

Thyroid Gland

hormone in the thyroid gland that increases the rates of chemical reactions in most cells, thus increasing body metabolic rate; produced by follicular cells of the thyroid gland

Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

hormone in the thyroid gland that is produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland, Promotes deposition of calcium in the bones and decreases extracellular fluid calcium ion concentration; inhibits bone resorption, bone building

Calcitonin

gland that is embedded in the posterior surface of the lateral lobe of the thyroid gland

Parathyroid Gland

hormone in the parathyroid gland that controls serum calcium ion concentration by increasing calcium absorption by the gut and kidneys and releasing calcium from bones

Parathyroid hormone

adrenal gland that is the central 20 percent of the gland, is functionally related to the sympathetic nervous system; it secretes the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine

adrenal medulla

adrenal gland that

secretes an entirely different group of hormones

hormone in the adrenal cortex, zona glomerulosa layer that increases renal sodium reabsorption, potassium secretion, and hydrogen ion secretion; increase water and electrolyte reabsorption

mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)

hormone in the adrenal cortex, zona fasciculata layer that has multiple metabolic functions for controlling metabolism of proteins, cardbohydrates, and fats, also has anti-inflammatory effects; resistance to stress

Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)

hormone in the adrenal cortex, Zona Reticularis layer that is the secondary sex characteristics of males; stimulate growth of axillary and pubic hair; if more in females they develop male characteristics, clitoris develops similar to penis.

Androgen

hormone of the adrenal medulla that hase the same effects as sympathetic stimulation (fight or flight)

Norepinephrine & epinephrine

small endocrine gland that is attached to the roof of the third ventricle of the brain at the midline

Pineal Gland

hormone in the pineal gland that controls the body's biological clock

Melatonin

gland located behind the sternum between the lungs

thymus gland

hormones in the thymus gland that promote the maturation of T cells ( a type of white blood cell that destroys microbes and foreign substances) and may retard the aging process

thymosin, thymic humoral factor (THF), thymic factor (TF), and thymopoietin

both an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland; A flattened organ that is located in the curve of the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine, and consists of a head, a body, and a tail

Pancreas

hormone by the alpha cells in the pancreas that increase blood sugar levels

Glucagon

hormone by the beta cells in the pancreas that decreases blood glucose levels

Insulin

hormone by the delta cells in the pancreas that balance/ controls the number of insulin and glucagon; inhibit both insulin and glucagon release from neighboring beta and alpha cells

Somatostatin

hormone by the F cells in the pancreas that inhibits somatostatin secretion, gallbladder contraction, and secretion of digestive enzymes

pancreatic polypeptide

hormone in the ovaries that promotes growth and development of female reproductive system, female breasts, and female secondary sexual characteristics

Estrogens

hormone in the ovaries that stimulates secretion of “uterine milk” by the uterine end ometrial glands and promotes development of secretory apparatus of breasts

Progesteron

hormone in the ovaries that increases flexibility of pubic symphysis during pregnancy; helps dilate uterine cervix during labor and delivery

Relaxin

hormone in the ovaries that inhibits secretion of FSH from anterior pituitary

Inhibin

hormone in the testes that promotes development of male reproductive system and male secondary sexual characteristics

Testosterone

hormone in the testes that inhibits secretion of FSH from anterior pituitary.

Inhibin

hormone in the placenta that promotes growth of corpus luteum and secretion of estrogens and progesterone by corpus luteum

Human chorionic gonadotropin

hormone in the placenta that probably helps promote development of some fetal tissues, as well as the mother’s breasts

Human somatomammotropin

hormone in the kidney that catalyzes conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I (acts as an enzyme)

Renin

hormone in the kidney that increases intestinal absorption of calcium and bone mineralization

1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol

hormone in the kidney that increases erythrocyte production; stimulates production of red blood cells

Erythropoietin

hormone in the heart that increases sodium excretion by kidneys, reduces blood pressure

Atrial natriuretic peptide

hormone in the stomach that stimulates hydrogen chloride secretion by parietal cells; Promotes secretion of gastric juice; increases movements of the stomach

Gastrin

hormone in the stomach that stimulates release of insulin by pancreatic beta cells

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)

hormone in the stomach that is the hunger hormone

Ghrelin

hormone in the small intestine that stimulates pancreatic acinar cells to release bicarbonate and water, stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice and bile

Secretin

hormone in the small intestine that stimulates gallbladder contraction and release of pancreatic enzymes; Stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice; regulates release of bile from gallbladder; causes feeling of fullness after eating

Cholecystokinin

known as the master of the pituitary gland

HYPOTHALAMUS

this hormone promotes growth of body tissues

SOMATOTROPINE

this hormone stimulates contraction of smooth muscle cells of the uterus during childbirth

OXYTOCIN

this hormone conserves body water by decreasing urine volume

ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)

low levels of thyroid hormones ___ and ___ stimulates the release of TRH

T3 & T4

type of diabetes also known as insulin dependent DM

TYPE 1

type of diabetes also known as insulin resistant

TYPE 2

type of diabetes most often occurs in obese people or over age 35

TYPE 2

people younger than age 20 and persists throughout life

TYPE 1

common medication used for type 2 DM

METFORMIN

best way to initially test the thyroid function

TSH TEST

a low TSH with an elevated FT4/FTI is found in individuals who have _______

HYPERTHYROIDISM

a low TSH and low FT4/FTI

HYPOTHYROIDISM