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Endocrinology > Endocrine pancreas 1 - Insulin > Flashcards

Endocrine pancreas 1 - Insulin Flashcards

1
Q

how is food intake balanced?

A 
neural and chemical signalling of 2 hypothalamic centres - 
feeding centre (hunger and drive to eat)
satiety centre (fullness)
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2
Q

glucostatic theory?

A

as BG increases, desire to eat decreases

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3
Q

lipostatic theory?

A

as fat stores increase, desire to eat decreases

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4
Q

what is leptin?

A

peptide hormone released by fat stores to depress feeding activity

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5
Q

what is the cause of obesity?

A

increased energy intake and decreased energy output

rarely caused by metabolic disease

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6
Q

other factors affecting eating?

A

psychological - e.g. comfort eating

convenience

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7
Q

body energy calculation?

A

energy intake - energy output

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8
Q

3 categories of energy output?

A

1) heat loss (50%)
2) mechanical - movement
3) cellular - e.g. growth and repair

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9
Q

can we voluntarily regulate our energy output?

A

just those voluntary movements we make using skeletal muscle

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10
Q

3 elements of metabolism

A

extracting energy
storing energy
using energy

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11
Q

anabolic v.s. catabolic?

A

ana - build up (storage)

cata - break down (using energy)

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12
Q

absorptive phase?

A

anabolic phase - we use energy taken from nutrients and store excess

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13
Q

posto-absoprive phase?

A

fasted state - break down stores made in absorptive state state for energy use

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14
Q

definition of obligatory glucose utiliser?

A

the brain has priority on any GLC in blood to function properly

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15
Q

what energy sources can the brain use/not use?

A

USE -
GLC
ketones

NOT USE -
fats
carbs
proteins

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16
Q

what is the downfall to breaking down proteins?

A

vulnerable to infections
physically weak
stop producing antibodies and enzymes

17
Q

results of untreated hypoglycaemia?

A

(<3mM)coma and death

18
Q

Glycogenolysis?

A

synthesising GLC from glycogen

stimulated by glucagon

19
Q

Gluconeogenesis?

A

synthesising GLC from amino acids

stimulated by glucagon

20
Q

clinical indication of diabetes?

A

sweet smelling urine - high GLC levels in urine

21
Q

what 2 processes does insulin stimulate?

A

lipogenesis

glycogenesis

22
Q

normal range of BG?

A

4.2 - 6.3 mM

basically 5 mM

23
Q

where are endocrine hormones produced in pancreas?

A

Islet of Langerhans

24
Q

what are the 4 types of Islet cells and what do they produce?

A

alpha cells produce GLUCAGON
beta cells produce INSULIN
delta cells produce SOMATOSTATIN
F cells produce pancreatic polypeptide

25
Q

actions of insulin?

A 
increases - 
-GLC oxidation
-glycogen synthesis 
-fat synthesis 
protein synthesis
26
Q

actions of glucagon?

A

increases -

  • glycogenolysis
  • gluconeogenesis
  • ketogenesis
27
Q

only hormone which lowers BG?

A

insulin

28
Q

how is excess GLC stored in liver and muscle cells?

A

glycogen

29
Q

how is excess GLC stored in liver and fat cells?

A

TAG - TriAcylGlycerols

30
Q

how does the mechanism of control of insulin secretion by BG work?

A

Beta cells have specific K+ ion channel, sensitive to ATP conc. - KATP channel

31
Q

describe the mechanism of control of insulin secretion by BG?

A

increase GLC

  • > GLC enters cells via GLUT
  • > increasing metabolism
  • > increasing ATP conc.
  • > KATP channel closes
  • > intracellular K+ conc increases
  • > cell depolarised
  • > voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels open
  • > insulin vesicle exocytosis into circulation
32
Q

how does insulin increase GLC uptake of cells?

A

binds to tyrosine kinase receptors on insulin-sensitive tissues

33
Q

transported for GLC in muscle and fat tissues?

A

GLUT4

34
Q

which tissues are insulin dependent?

A

ONLY fat and muscle

35
Q

describe the liver and GLC uptake?

A

via GLUT2 (insulin independent)
BUT…
GLC transport into liver cells is affected by insulin status
more GLC is taken up by liver if insulin is present

36
Q

Anabolic actions of insulin?

A

Increases glycogen synthesis in muscle and liver
Increases amino acid uptake into muscle, promoting protein synthesis.
Inhibits proteolysis
Stimulates lipogenesis and inhibits lipolysis.
Inhibits the enzymes of gluconeogenesis in the liver

37
Q

other action of insulin?

A

Promotes K+ ion entry into cells by stimulating Na+/K+ ATPase

Endocrinology (21 decks)

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