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concept 4 > endocrine med surg > Flashcards

endocrine med surg Flashcards

1
Q

what causes diabetic ketoacidosis

A

no insulin so cells breakdown protein/fat and produce ketones

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2
Q

respiratory signs of DKA

A

kussmaul respirations

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3
Q

what type of diabetes causes DKA

A

type 1 (no insulin)

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4
Q

rapid deep breathing at a consistent pace is called

A

kussmaul respirations

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5
Q

hyperglycemia over 600+ is what disease

A

hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome (HHNS)

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6
Q

what to give IV to unconcious pt w hyperglycemia

A

50% dextrose (d50)

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7
Q

graves disease is caused by what thyroid issue

A

hyperthyroidism

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8
Q

hashimotos disease is caused by what thyroid issue

A

hypothyroidism

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9
Q

myxedema coma is caused by what thyroid issue

A

hypothyroidism

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10
Q

what hormone controls calcium lvls in blood

A

parathyroid hormone

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11
Q

causes of hyperparathryroidism

A

-tumor on parathyroid
-chronic kidney failure

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12
Q

the increase of calcium in blood can cause what with hyperparathyroidism

A

kidney stones

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13
Q

how hyperparathyroidism affects the joints

A

-bone pain
-pathological fractures

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14
Q

how hyperparathyroidism affects the GI system

A

-abd pain
-N/V
-weight loss/loss of appetite
-constipation

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15
Q

how hyperparathyroidism affects the neuro system

A

-irritability
-confusion

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16
Q

how hyperparathyroidism is treated

A

parathyroidectomy

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17
Q

medications for hyperparathyroidism

A

phosphates
calcitonin
IV/oral biphosphonates

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18
Q

diet for hyperparathyroidism pt

A

increase fiber
moderate calcium

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19
Q

mneumonic for hyperparathyroidism s/s

A

stones, bones, moans and groans

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20
Q

relationship between calcium and phosphorus

A

inverse

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21
Q

calcium lvls in hypoparathyroidism

A

low

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22
Q

radiation can cause what parathyroidism

A

hypo

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23
Q

magnesium depletion can cause what parathyroidism

A

hypo

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24
Q

how does hypoparathyroidism affect the neuro system

A

-numbness/tingling
-anxiety
-irriability
-depression

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25
Q

how does hypoparathyroidism affect the muskuloskeletal system

A

-muscle cramps
-tetany

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26
Q

how does hypoparathyroidism affect the cardiovascular system

A

hypotension

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27
Q

how to test for hypoparathyroidism (same as hypocalcemia)

A

-trousseau
-chvostek sign

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28
Q

results of chvostek and trousseau in hypoparathyroidism

A

positive

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29
Q

how to treat hypoparathyroidism

A

IV calcium
phosphorus binding drugs

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30
Q

hypoparathyroidism diet

A

increase calcium
decrease phosphorus

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31
Q

what do adrenal cortex hormones do to sodium and water

A

retain them

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32
Q

what do adrenal cortex hormones do to potassium

A

decrease

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33
Q

what kind of hormone are glucocorticoids

A

adrenal cortex hormones

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34
Q

what kind of hormones are mineralocorticoids

A

adrenal cortex hormones

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35
Q

what kind of hormones are sex. hormones

A

adrenal cortex hormones

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36
Q

what causes cushings disease

A

too many adrenal cortex hormones (females, too much cortisol meds, adrenal gland tumor)

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37
Q

cushings disease affect on glucose lvls

38
Q

cushings disease affect on sodium

39
Q

cushings disease effect on cardiovascular system

A

-htn (that cush will raise ur BP)

40
Q

cushings disease effect on weight

A

weight gain

41
Q

cushings disease affect on sex hormones

A

hirtuism (that cush will turn u into a man)

42
Q

cushings s/s

A

moon face
buffalo hump
truncal obesity
supraclavicular fat pads

43
Q

how long will cushings disease pts need clucocorticoid replacement after adrenalectomy

44
Q

how is cushings disease treated

A

adrenalectomy

45
Q

what is Glycosylated hemoglobin levels

46
Q

what is Somogyi

A

hypoglycemia when sleeping that turns into hyperglycemia in the morning

47
Q

causes of addison’s disease

A

-adrenal gland removal
-adrenal gland infection
-TB
-cytomegalovirus
-bacterial infection

48
Q

constitutional sxs of addisons disease

49
Q

GI sx’s of addisons disease

A

-N/V/D
-anorexia

50
Q

endocrine sxs of addisons disease

A

hypoglycemia

51
Q

electrolyte signs of addisons disease

A

-decreased Na
-decreased H2O
-increased potassium

52
Q

integumentary sxs of addisons

A

-hyperpigmentation
-vitiligo

53
Q

neuro sxs of addisons disease

A

-confusion

54
Q

where are the adrenal glands

A

on top of the kidneys

55
Q

constitutional sx’s of addisonian crisis

A

-profound fatigue

56
Q

electrolyte sxs of addisonian crisis

A

-dehydration
-shock
-hyponatremia
-hyperkalemia

57
Q

cardio sxs of addisonian crisis

A

-hypotension
-hypovolemia
-vascular collapse

58
Q

renal sxs of addisonian crisis

A

-renal failure

59
Q

treatment for addisonian crisis

A

-fluid resuscitation
-high dose hydrocortisone

60
Q

how to treat addisons disease

A

-glucocorticoid
-mineralcorticoid

61
Q

addisons pt diet education

A

increase protein and carbs

62
Q

what does ADH control

A

amount of water in blood

63
Q

where is ADH found

A

the pituitary gland

64
Q

what are the 2 ADH pituitary gland disorders

A

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)

65
Q

simple pathology of SIADH

A

too much ADH

66
Q

causes of SIADH

A

-pulmonary diseases
-CNS disorders
-HIV
-meds

67
Q

what pulmonary diseases cause SIADH

A

-TB
-severe pneumonia

68
Q

what CNS disorders cause SIADH

A

-head injury
-brain surgery
-tumor

69
Q

what meds cause SIADH

A

-vincristine
-phenothiazines
-antidepressants
-thiazide diuretics
-anticonvulsants
-diabetes drugs
-nicotine

70
Q

s/s of SIADH

A

-oliguria
-fluid volume overload
-weight gain w/o edema
-hyponatremia
-N/V
-tachycardia
-HTN

71
Q

meds for SIADH

A

-loop diuretics
-vasopressin antagonists

72
Q

what precautions should SIADH pts be put on

73
Q

should SIADH pts be put on fluid restrictions

74
Q

simple pathology of diabetes insipidus

A

not enough ADH

75
Q

neuro causes of diabetes insipidus

A

-head trauma
-brain tumor
-CNS infection
-pituitary gland surge

76
Q

renal causes of diabetes insipidus

A

renal tubles cant respond to ADH

77
Q

urine sx’s of diabetes insipidus

A

-polyuria
-large amounts of dilated urine
-low urine specific gravity

78
Q

endocrine sx’s of diabetes insipidus

A

-polydipsia
-polyuria
-large amounts of filated urine
-low urine specific gravity

79
Q

integumentary sxs of diabetes insipidus

A

-decreased skin turgor

80
Q

ENT sx’s of diabetes insipidus

A

-dry mucous membranes
-dehydration

81
Q

cardio sx’s of diabetes insipidus

A

-postural hypotension
-tachycardia

82
Q

neuro sx’s of diabetes insipidus

83
Q

muskuloskeletal sx’s of diabetes insipidus

A

-muscle pain
-muscle weakness

84
Q

sxs of diabetes insipidus

A

neuro:
-headaches
ENT:
-dry mucous membranes
-dehydration
cardio:
-tachycardia
-postural hypotension
endocrine:
-polyuria
-polydipsia
-low urine specific gravity
-lots of diluted urine
integumentary:
-decreased skin turgor (dry skin)
muskuloskeletal:
-muscle pain
-muscle weakness

85
Q

what kind of saline should u give diabetes insipidus pt

A

IV hypotonic saline

86
Q

what do vasopressin and desmopressin do

A

replace ADH

87
Q

what meds would you treat diabetes insipidus with

A

vasopressin
desmopressin

88
Q

what should u monitor in diabetes insipidus pt

A

-I&O
-weight

89
Q

what hormones are made in the adrenal glands

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

90
Q

what is an adrenal gland tumor called

A

pheochromocytoma

91
Q

what does pheochromocytoma do

A

causes adrenal glands to secrete excessive amounts of epinephrine and norepinephrine

92
Q

what causes pheochromocytoma

A

family history of adrenal gland tumors

concept 4 (12 decks)

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