Endocrine II Flashcards
glands are composed mostly of what kind of cells?
secreting epithelial cells
what cell is the most common type to form cancer
epithelial cells with their ability to easily undergo mitosis
what interacts with and copntrols most secretory activites of the pituitary
they hypothalamus of the brain
the two functionaly different areas of the pituitary
anterior
posterior
posterior pituitary functions
a storage are for neurohormones produced by neurons whose bodies are in the hypothalamus but whose axons extend into the posterior pituitary
the neurohormones are then picked up by the blood
anterior pituitary functions
has no direct nervous connection to the hypothalamus but is signaled into action when hypothalamic neurohormones are secreted and carried to the anterior pituitary epithelial cells via a specialized cirulatoryu route.
how many anterior pituitary hormones may be secreted
6
hypothalamus hormones
GHRH - growth hormone releasing hormone
TRH - thyrotropin releasing hormone
GnRH - gonadotropin releasing hormone
hypothalamus targets what cells
the anterior pituitary, which in turn makes
anterior pituitary hormones
GH - growth hormone TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone FSH - follicle-stimulating hormone LH - luteinizing hormone prolactin
GH
growth hormone
what does GH target
connective tissue
bones
the action of GH
bone growing
imbalances of GH
too little in infancy results in pituitary dwarfism
too much in childhood results in gigantism
acromegaly
once growth plates close, past the point of normal
TSH
thyroid stimulating hormone
what does TSH target
thyroid gland
the action of TSH
stimulates thyroid glands to release thyroid hromones
an imbalance of TSH
graves disease
graves disease
an autoimmune immunoglobulin imitates normal TSH and causes an overstimulation of the thyroid gland and hypersecretion of thyroid hormones
what does prolactin target
cells of mammary glands that produce milk
actions of prolactin
promotes lactation
imbalance of prolactin
innapropriate milk production
LH and FSH
leutinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone
what does LH and FSH target
active in the produiction of sperm in males, oocytes in females and reproductive hormones in both sexes
where are cell bodies of posterior pituitary
cells bodies are in hypothalamus & axons are with hormone secretion are in posterior pituitary
posterior pituitary hormones
oxytocin
ADH
what does oxytocin target
uterine cells
action of oxytocin
to contract uterus
imbalance of oxytocin
synthetic oxytocin can be given to induce labor
ADH
antidiuretic hormone
what does ADH target
kidney cells
actions of ADH
forces cells to reabsorb more water, regulates osmosis
imbalance of ADH
diabetes insipidus
thyroid hormones
TH - thyroid hormones
T3 & T4
T3 & T4
thyroxine
target of TH
all over body
actions of TH
increases cell metabolism
imbalance of TH
hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
goiter
graves disease
goiter
iodine deficiency goiter, cells undergo unusual amount of mitosis
parathyroid hormones
PTH - patathyroid hormone
the target of PTH
skeleton
kidneys
intestine
actions of PTH
controlls the calcium levels in the blood
increases blood Ca++
what does PTH stimulate
osteoclasts
kidney tubules
intestinal cells
adrenal gland hormones
aldosterone
cortisol
androgens
epinephrine, norepinephrine
what does aldosterone target
kidney tubules cells
action of aldosterone
attracts Na+ and reabsorption
water follows, increase blood volume
target of cortisol (glucocorticoids)
body cells
action of cortisol
important for stopping inflammation
imbalance of cortisol
increase - kushings disease
decrease - addisons disease
androgens
male type sex hormones converted to testosterone in males and estrogens in females.
what are androgens responsible for
for axillary & pubic hair in females. available first during fetal development
epinephrine, norepinephrine targets
heart and skeletal muscles
parasympathetic and sympathetic responses
thymus hormones
thymosin
what does thymosin target
white blood cells
imbalance of thymus
hypo causes incomplete immune protection lacking T-cell development
gonads
ovaries
testes
ovaries hormones
estrogen and progesterone
testes
testerone
pancreas
insulin
glucagon
insulin
b-cells respond to increase blood glucose
insulin targets what
tissue cells
liver cells
action of insulin
uptake of glucose for utlization and fat formation
link glucose into long glycogen molecules
imbalance of insulin
hyposecretion - type 1 diabetes
glucagon
a-cell respond to decrease blood surgar
target of glucagon
liver cells
action of glucagon
break apart glycogen and release glucose molecules
synthesis of new glucose from other body sources
endocrine glands
hypothalamus anterior pituitary posterior pituitary thyroid parathyroid adrenal thymus gonads pancreas
