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A&P II > Endocrine II > Flashcards

Endocrine II Flashcards

1
Q

glands are composed mostly of what kind of cells?

A

secreting epithelial cells

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2
Q

what cell is the most common type to form cancer

A

epithelial cells with their ability to easily undergo mitosis

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3
Q

what interacts with and copntrols most secretory activites of the pituitary

A

they hypothalamus of the brain

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4
Q

the two functionaly different areas of the pituitary

A

anterior

posterior

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5
Q

posterior pituitary functions

A

a storage are for neurohormones produced by neurons whose bodies are in the hypothalamus but whose axons extend into the posterior pituitary
the neurohormones are then picked up by the blood

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6
Q

anterior pituitary functions

A

has no direct nervous connection to the hypothalamus but is signaled into action when hypothalamic neurohormones are secreted and carried to the anterior pituitary epithelial cells via a specialized cirulatoryu route.

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7
Q

how many anterior pituitary hormones may be secreted

A

6

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8
Q

hypothalamus hormones

A

GHRH - growth hormone releasing hormone
TRH - thyrotropin releasing hormone
GnRH - gonadotropin releasing hormone

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9
Q

hypothalamus targets what cells

A

the anterior pituitary, which in turn makes

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10
Q

anterior pituitary hormones

A 
GH - growth hormone
TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone
FSH - follicle-stimulating hormone
LH - luteinizing hormone
prolactin
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11
Q

GH

A

growth hormone

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12
Q

what does GH target

A

connective tissue

bones

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13
Q

the action of GH

A

bone growing

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14
Q

imbalances of GH

A

too little in infancy results in pituitary dwarfism

too much in childhood results in gigantism

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15
Q

acromegaly

A

once growth plates close, past the point of normal

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16
Q

TSH

A

thyroid stimulating hormone

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17
Q

what does TSH target

A

thyroid gland

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18
Q

the action of TSH

A

stimulates thyroid glands to release thyroid hromones

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19
Q

an imbalance of TSH

A

graves disease

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20
Q

graves disease

A

an autoimmune immunoglobulin imitates normal TSH and causes an overstimulation of the thyroid gland and hypersecretion of thyroid hormones

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21
Q

what does prolactin target

A

cells of mammary glands that produce milk

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22
Q

actions of prolactin

A

promotes lactation

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23
Q

imbalance of prolactin

A

innapropriate milk production

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24
Q

LH and FSH

A

leutinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone

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25
Q

what does LH and FSH target

A

active in the produiction of sperm in males, oocytes in females and reproductive hormones in both sexes

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26
Q

where are cell bodies of posterior pituitary

A

cells bodies are in hypothalamus & axons are with hormone secretion are in posterior pituitary

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27
Q

posterior pituitary hormones

A

oxytocin

ADH

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28
Q

what does oxytocin target

A

uterine cells

29
Q

action of oxytocin

A

to contract uterus

30
Q

imbalance of oxytocin

A

synthetic oxytocin can be given to induce labor

31
Q

ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone

32
Q

what does ADH target

A

kidney cells

33
Q

actions of ADH

A

forces cells to reabsorb more water, regulates osmosis

34
Q

imbalance of ADH

A

diabetes insipidus

35
Q

thyroid hormones

A

TH - thyroid hormones

T3 & T4

36
Q

T3 & T4

A

thyroxine

37
Q

target of TH

A

all over body

38
Q

actions of TH

A

increases cell metabolism

39
Q

imbalance of TH

A

hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
goiter
graves disease

40
Q

goiter

A

iodine deficiency goiter, cells undergo unusual amount of mitosis

41
Q

parathyroid hormones

A

PTH - patathyroid hormone

42
Q

the target of PTH

A

skeleton
kidneys
intestine

43
Q

actions of PTH

A

controlls the calcium levels in the blood

increases blood Ca++

44
Q

what does PTH stimulate

A

osteoclasts
kidney tubules
intestinal cells

45
Q

adrenal gland hormones

A

aldosterone
cortisol
androgens
epinephrine, norepinephrine

46
Q

what does aldosterone target

A

kidney tubules cells

47
Q

action of aldosterone

A

attracts Na+ and reabsorption

water follows, increase blood volume

48
Q

target of cortisol (glucocorticoids)

A

body cells

49
Q

action of cortisol

A

important for stopping inflammation

50
Q

imbalance of cortisol

A

increase - kushings disease

decrease - addisons disease

51
Q

androgens

A

male type sex hormones converted to testosterone in males and estrogens in females.

52
Q

what are androgens responsible for

A

for axillary & pubic hair in females. available first during fetal development

53
Q

epinephrine, norepinephrine targets

A

heart and skeletal muscles

parasympathetic and sympathetic responses

54
Q

thymus hormones

A

thymosin

55
Q

what does thymosin target

A

white blood cells

56
Q

imbalance of thymus

A

hypo causes incomplete immune protection lacking T-cell development

57
Q

gonads

A

ovaries

testes

58
Q

ovaries hormones

A

estrogen and progesterone

59
Q

testes

A

testerone

60
Q

pancreas

A

insulin

glucagon

61
Q

insulin

A

b-cells respond to increase blood glucose

62
Q

insulin targets what

A

tissue cells

liver cells

63
Q

action of insulin

A

uptake of glucose for utlization and fat formation

link glucose into long glycogen molecules

64
Q

imbalance of insulin

A

hyposecretion - type 1 diabetes

65
Q

glucagon

A

a-cell respond to decrease blood surgar

66
Q

target of glucagon

A

liver cells

67
Q

action of glucagon

A

break apart glycogen and release glucose molecules

synthesis of new glucose from other body sources

68
Q

endocrine glands

A 
hypothalamus
anterior pituitary
posterior pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenal
thymus
gonads
pancreas

A&P II (8 decks)

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