Endocrine II

Question 1

glands are composed mostly of what kind of cells?

Answer 1

secreting epithelial cells

Question 2

what cell is the most common type to form cancer

Answer 2

epithelial cells with their ability to easily undergo mitosis

Question 3

what interacts with and copntrols most secretory activites of the pituitary

Answer 3

they hypothalamus of the brain

Question 4

the two functionaly different areas of the pituitary

Answer 4

anterior

posterior

Question 5

posterior pituitary functions

Answer 5

a storage are for neurohormones produced by neurons whose bodies are in the hypothalamus but whose axons extend into the posterior pituitary
the neurohormones are then picked up by the blood

Question 6

anterior pituitary functions

Answer 6

has no direct nervous connection to the hypothalamus but is signaled into action when hypothalamic neurohormones are secreted and carried to the anterior pituitary epithelial cells via a specialized cirulatoryu route.

Question 7

how many anterior pituitary hormones may be secreted

Answer 7

6

Question 8

hypothalamus hormones

Answer 8

GHRH - growth hormone releasing hormone
TRH - thyrotropin releasing hormone
GnRH - gonadotropin releasing hormone

Question 9

hypothalamus targets what cells

Answer 9

the anterior pituitary, which in turn makes

Question 10

anterior pituitary hormones

Answer 10

GH - growth hormone
TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone
FSH - follicle-stimulating hormone
LH - luteinizing hormone
prolactin

Question 11

GH

Answer 11

growth hormone

Question 12

what does GH target

Answer 12

connective tissue

bones

Question 13

the action of GH

Answer 13

bone growing

Question 14

imbalances of GH

Answer 14

too little in infancy results in pituitary dwarfism

too much in childhood results in gigantism

Question 15

acromegaly

Answer 15

once growth plates close, past the point of normal

Question 16

TSH

Answer 16

thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 17

what does TSH target

Answer 17

thyroid gland

Question 18

the action of TSH

Answer 18

stimulates thyroid glands to release thyroid hromones

Question 19

an imbalance of TSH

Answer 19

graves disease

Question 20

graves disease

Answer 20

an autoimmune immunoglobulin imitates normal TSH and causes an overstimulation of the thyroid gland and hypersecretion of thyroid hormones

Question 21

what does prolactin target

Answer 21

cells of mammary glands that produce milk

Question 22

actions of prolactin

Answer 22

promotes lactation

Question 23

imbalance of prolactin

Answer 23

innapropriate milk production

Question 24

LH and FSH

Answer 24

leutinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone

Question 25

what does LH and FSH target

Answer 25

active in the produiction of sperm in males, oocytes in females and reproductive hormones in both sexes

Question 26

where are cell bodies of posterior pituitary

Answer 26

cells bodies are in hypothalamus & axons are with hormone secretion are in posterior pituitary

Question 27

posterior pituitary hormones

Answer 27

oxytocin | ADH

Question 28

what does oxytocin target

Answer 28

uterine cells

Question 29

action of oxytocin

Answer 29

to contract uterus

Question 30

imbalance of oxytocin

Answer 30

synthetic oxytocin can be given to induce labor

Question 31

ADH

Answer 31

antidiuretic hormone

Question 32

what does ADH target

Answer 32

kidney cells

Question 33

actions of ADH

Answer 33

forces cells to reabsorb more water, regulates osmosis

Question 34

imbalance of ADH

Answer 34

diabetes insipidus

Question 35

thyroid hormones

Answer 35

TH - thyroid hormones | T3 & T4

Question 36

T3 & T4

Answer 36

thyroxine

Question 37

target of TH

Answer 37

all over body

Question 38

actions of TH

Answer 38

increases cell metabolism

Question 39

imbalance of TH

Answer 39

hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism goiter graves disease

Question 40

goiter

Answer 40

iodine deficiency goiter, cells undergo unusual amount of mitosis

Question 41

parathyroid hormones

Answer 41

PTH - patathyroid hormone

Question 42

the target of PTH

Answer 42

skeleton kidneys intestine

Question 43

actions of PTH

Answer 43

controlls the calcium levels in the blood | increases blood Ca++

Question 44

what does PTH stimulate

Answer 44

osteoclasts kidney tubules intestinal cells

Question 45

adrenal gland hormones

Answer 45

aldosterone cortisol androgens epinephrine, norepinephrine

Question 46

what does aldosterone target

Answer 46

kidney tubules cells

Question 47

action of aldosterone

Answer 47

attracts Na+ and reabsorption | water follows, increase blood volume

Question 48

target of cortisol (glucocorticoids)

Answer 48

body cells

Question 49

action of cortisol

Answer 49

important for stopping inflammation

Question 50

imbalance of cortisol

Answer 50

increase - kushings disease | decrease - addisons disease

Question 51

androgens

Answer 51

male type sex hormones converted to testosterone in males and estrogens in females.

Question 52

what are androgens responsible for

Answer 52

for axillary & pubic hair in females. available first during fetal development

Question 53

epinephrine, norepinephrine targets

Answer 53

heart and skeletal muscles | parasympathetic and sympathetic responses

Question 54

thymus hormones

Answer 54

thymosin

Question 55

what does thymosin target

Answer 55

white blood cells

Question 56

imbalance of thymus

Answer 56

hypo causes incomplete immune protection lacking T-cell development

Question 57

gonads

Answer 57

ovaries | testes

Question 58

ovaries hormones

Answer 58

estrogen and progesterone

Question 59

testes

Answer 59

testerone

Question 60

pancreas

Answer 60

insulin | glucagon

Question 61

insulin

Answer 61

b-cells respond to increase blood glucose

Question 62

insulin targets what

Answer 62

tissue cells | liver cells

Question 63

action of insulin

Answer 63

uptake of glucose for utlization and fat formation | link glucose into long glycogen molecules

Question 64

imbalance of insulin

Answer 64

hyposecretion - type 1 diabetes

Question 65

glucagon

Answer 65

a-cell respond to decrease blood surgar

Question 66

target of glucagon

Answer 66

liver cells

Question 67

action of glucagon

Answer 67

break apart glycogen and release glucose molecules | synthesis of new glucose from other body sources

Question 68

endocrine glands

Answer 68

``` hypothalamus anterior pituitary posterior pituitary thyroid parathyroid adrenal thymus gonads pancreas ```