Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P II > Endocrine I > Flashcards

Endocrine I Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the endocrine system?

A

regulation of body processes such as reproduction, growth and development
water, electrolyte and nutrient balance
regulation of cellular metabolism/ energy balance
mobilization of body defenses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how fast does nervous system work

A

within millliseconds with electorchemical impulses through neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how fast does endocrine system work

A

minutes, hours, days.

influences metabolic activity through hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are endocrine glands

A

small masses of secreting epithelial cells, ductless, release hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

specifics of endocrine glands

A

rich vascular supply and lymphatic drainage to distribute hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how do exocrine and endocrine glands differ

A

exocrine glands have ducts carrying non-hormones secretions to a membrane surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

definition of hormones

A

chemicals produced by one set of cells that travel through the body to change the metabolic activity (up or down) of a different set of cells which are called the target cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are autocrines

A

chemicals produced by a set of cells that effect the same kind of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are paracrines

A

chemicals produced by a cell that effect neighboring cell populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

amino acid based hormones

A

derived from the AAs themselves. water soluble. faster acting by binding with a surface receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

short chain of AAs

A

peptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

long chain of AAs

A

protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

steroid based hormones

A

assembled using a cholesterol component (lipids can penetrate cell membranes
slower acting by binding to internal cell receptors and activating genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

eicosanoids

A

non-steroid lipids which signal nearby cells to action (localized reactions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

mechanisms of hormone action

A

target cells
tissue response
plasma membrane receptors and second messenger systems
intracellular receptors and direct gene activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

target cells

A

while hormones will circulate throughout the body, only cells with the appropriate internal or external receptor for that specific hormone will be targeted for effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

example of tissue response

A

the tissue response is dependent upon the tissue type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

common target cell responses for specific hormones

A

opens/closes ion channels which may increase or decrease plasma membrane potential
stimulates synthesis or activity of proteins or regulatory molecules like enzymes within cell
stimulates mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

summary of the second messenger signaling mechanisms

A

hormone (first messenger) binds to external receptor
engaged external recpetor activates internal G proteins which trigger seconday messengers, eventualy producing intracellular changes in metabolic activites
quick on & of - repeated surgace receptor stimulation needed to prolong a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

2 common intracellular secondary messengers

A

cAMP signaling mechanism

PIP2-Calcium signaling mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

cAMP signaling mechanism

A

cAMP -> activates protein kinases -> activates enzymes triggering cells internal responses

22
Q

PIP2-Calcium signaling mechanism

A

PIP2-Calcium -> activates enzymes triggering cells internal responses

23
Q

what response does Ca++ trigger in muscles cells?

A

contraction

24
Q

summary of internal receptor and direct gene activation

A

being lipid soluble, steroid hormones diffuse through the plasma membrane and bind to internal receptors
receptor hormone complex then enters nucleus and activates “recipes” stred on molecules as “genes”
then transcription -> mRNA -> translation -> protein synthesis

25
Q

what happens after internal receptor and direct gene activation

A

the products made may turn on (enhance) or turn off (inhibit) cellular/tissue responses in the body but slower to start & stop then surface receptor hormones

26
Q

what determines whether or not a hormone will bind to & activate it

A

what receptors a cell has

27
Q

target cell hormone interaction is dependent on 3 things

A

circulating blood levels of a hormone
number or receptors on or in target cells available for binding
affinity

28
Q

affinity

A

strength of binding between hormone and receptor

29
Q

what is up-regulation

A

response by a cell to produce more receptors for a certain hormone so its response increases

30
Q

what is down regulation

A

response by a cell to decrease # of receptors for a certain hormone leads to a decreased response

31
Q

hormones circulating in the blood are either…

A

free form

bound

32
Q

free form hormones

A

easily removed from circulation by kidneys on a daily basis

33
Q

bound hormones

A

bound to a protein which increases time available in the body before removal by the kidneys

34
Q

what is half-life

A

the time it takes to remove 1/2 of the amount of something like a hormone from your blood

35
Q

how to increase half life

A

bind a hormone to a protein

36
Q

forms of interaction of 2 or more hormones on the same cell populations

A

permissiveness
synergism
antagonism

37
Q

permissiveness

A

one hormone must be present to allow another hormone to work properly

38
Q

ex of permissiveness

A

thyroxine must be present for the fetal growth hormone to produce the normal amount of growth activity in the baby

39
Q

synergism

A

more response from 2 hormones together than both separately

40
Q

antagonism

A

2 hormones work to achieve opposite goals from one another

41
Q

homeostasis

A

the right amount of something that your body needs at a given time

42
Q

system of hormone regulation

A

negative feedback system

positive feedback system

43
Q

negative feedback system

A

too little of something produces a response to increase synthesis or cell activity
too much of something produces a response to decrease synthesis or cell activity

44
Q

positive feedback system

A

rare in cases like child birth

45
Q

humoral stimuli

A

endocrine glands secrete hormones in direct response to changing blood levels. this uses a negative feedback system to regulat the use of hromones

46
Q

example of humoral stimuli

A

the parathyroid gland and the regulation of Ca2++ levls

47
Q

neural stimuli

A

when nerve fibers stimulate hormone release

48
Q

ex of neural stimuli

A

sympathetic nervous system stimulation of the adrenal medulla

49
Q

hormonal stimuli

A

when hormonal glands release hormones in response to other hormones produced by other organs

50
Q

ex of hormonal stimuli

A

anterior pituitary gland hormones are release by hormones created by the hypothalamus

A&P II (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions