Endocrine Drugs Flashcards
what is the master gland?
pituitary gland
the anterior pituitary gland is called ___
adenohypophysis
secretes glands that target glands and tissues
what are the hormones that are secreted from the anterior pituitary
1) TSH
2) PRL
3) FSH
4) LH
5) ACTH
6) GH
hormone that stimulates growth in the tissue and bone
GH (growth hormone)
hormone that acts on the thyroid
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
hormone that stimulates the adrenal gland
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
gonadotropins which affect the ovaries and testes
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone)
hormone which primarily affects the breast tissues to produce milk
PRL (prolactin)
the amount of each hormone secreted from the anterior pituitary gland is regulated by a ____ feedback system
negative
if a child’s height is well below the standard for a specified age, ___ deficiency may be the cause
GH
___ is a GH used to treat growth failure in children because of GH deficiency
somatropin
GH replacement is contraindicated in children who are ___, ___, and ___
diabetic, obese, and respiratory impaired
___stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
TSH
the hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), which stimulates the pituitary corticotrophs to secrete ____
ACTH
ACTH stimulates the release of ____, ____, and ____ from the adrenal cortex and ____ from the adrenal medulla
glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), and androgen
catecholamines (epi and norepi)
the posterior pituitary gland, known as the ____
neurohypophysis
the posterior pituitary gland secretes what
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and oxytocin
___ promotes water reabsorption from the renal tubules to maintain water balance in the body fluids
ADH
When there is a deficiency of ADH, large amounts of water are excreted by the kidneys. This condition, called _____, can lead to severe fluid volume deficit and electrolyte imbalances
diabetes insipidus (DI)
excessive thirst and increased urination (monitor I&O)
ADH preparations
vasopressin and desmopressin (does not induce the release of ACTH)
available nasal spray, PO, and parenteral formulations
___ T4 and ___ TSH levels indicate primary hypothyroidism; the causes of which are acute or chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland
decreased and elevated
___ is severe hypothyroidism in the adult; symptoms include lethargy; apathy; memory impairment; emotional changes; slow speech; a deep, coarse voice; edema of the eyelids and face; dry skin; cold intolerance; slow pulse; constipation; weight gain; abnormal menses
myxedema
____ is the drug of choice for replacement therapy for the treatment of primary hypothyroidism
levothyroxine sodium
drug interactions with levothyroxine
increase effects of anticoags
___ is an increase in circulating T3 and T4 levels, which usually results from an overactive thyroid gland or excessive output of thyroid hormones from one or more thyroid nodules
hyperthyroidism
what is the most common type of hyperthyroidism?
graves disease (thyrotoxicosis)
what is the purpose of antithyroid drugs?
reduce the excessive secretion of thyroid hormones by inhibiting thyroid secretion
kinds of antithyroid drugs/treatments
radioiodine therapy, propylthiouracil (PTU) and methimazole, thyroid surgery
PTU and methimazole (thioamides) given before radioiodine therapy or thyroid surgery
radioiodine therapy oftens leads to permanent hypothyroidism
NIs for antithyroid drugs
monitor vitals and weight, take meds at the same time, check blood serum levels of THs
interactions with antithyroid drugs
increase oral anticoags, decrease effect of insulin and oral antidiabetics, digoxin and lithium increase thyroid drug actions, and phenytoin increases serum T3 lvl
the parathyroid glands secrete ___
PTH (parathyroid hormone)
PTH regulates serum calcium lvls in 3 ways…
1) enhances the release of calcium from the bones
2) enhances calcium reabsorption in the renal tubules
3) enhances calcium absorption in the intestines by increasing the production of activated vit D
causes of hypoparathyroidism
1) hypomagnesemia
2) hypocalcemia
3) vit D deficiency
4) renal impairment
5) diuretic therapy
which hormone from the thyroid decreases serum calcium lvls
calcitonin
(PTH increases calcium and Calcitonin decreases calcium)
which vitamin do you need to absorb calcium
vit D
normal lvl of calcium
8.5-10.5
___ is a vit D analogue that promotes calcium absorption from the GI tract and promotes secretion of calcium from bone to bloodstream
calcitriol (treat hypothyroidism and hypocalcemia)
___ is excessive PTH and can be caused by malignancies of the parathyroid glands
hyperparathyroidism
(e.g. Calcitonin-salmon and cinacalcet)
with parathyroid issues assess for what?
assess for tetany by monitoring calcium levels (decreased calcium lvls)
what are the hormones secreted from the adrenal medulla
epi and norepi
the adrenal cortex produces two types of steroid hormones ___ and ___ and, to a lesser extent, the adrenal ___ and ___
glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), androgens and estrogens
indications for glucocorticoid therapy
trauma, surgery, inflammation, emotional upsets, and anxiety
treat many diseases and health problems, including inflammatory, allergic, and debilitating conditions
(e.g. MS, RA, myasthenia gravis, ulcerative colitis, glomerulonephritis, shock, ocular and vascular inflammation, polyarteritis nodosa, hepatitis)
organ transplant recipients may require glucocorticoids to prevent organ rejection
when steroid therapy is discontinued, the dose should be ___ to allow the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol and other corticosteroids
tapered
abrupt withdrawal of the drug can result in severe adrenocortical insufficiency
side effects of glucocorticoids
decrease immune system, increased blood glucose, flushing, weight gain (sodium and water retention)
___ promote sodium and water retention and potassium and hydrogen excretion in the renal tubules
maintain fluid balance by promoting the reabsorption of sodium from the renal tubules
mineralocorticoids
when hypovolemia occurs, more aldosterone is secreted to increase sodium and water retention
___ is an oral mineralocorticoid that can be given with a glucocorticoid
In larger doses, it can inhibit endogenous hormone secretions of adrenal cortex and pituitary gland, causing a ___ therefore a ___ diet is usually indicated
fludrocortisone
negative nitrogen balance and high-protein diet
hypokalemia may cause ___ ___ that can cause GI symptoms (N/V), orthostatic hypotension, cardiac rhythm changes, weakness, anorexia, and myalgia
metabolic alkalosis
