Endocrine Disorders Flashcards
Craniopharyngioma on histology?
Adamantinomatous: stratified squamous epithelium
Papillary: well-differentiated squamous epithelium (usually no keratin)
Triad of Grave’s disease?
HOP
Hyperthyroidism
Orbitopathy
Pre-tibial myxoedema
Hashimoto thyroiditis on FNA?
Lymphocytes
Hurthle cells
Name 2 syndromes associated with increased risk of papillary thyroid cancer?
Gardner syndrome
Cowden syndrome
Name 2 histological features of PTC.
Orphan Annie eyes: large nucleus with no nucleoli
Psamomma bodies (punctate calcifications)
Prognosis of PTC?
Excellent: 98% 10 year survival
Surgery or radio-iodine ablation
Involvement of cervical LN does NOT affect Px
FNA and Px of FTC
FNA: follicular pattern- cannot distinguish between adenoma and carcinoma
Need core biopsy to look for capsular invasion
90% 10 year survival
Spread and marker for FTC
Spreads haematogeneously (lymphatic spread rare)
Thyroglobulin can be used as a marker
Top 3 causes of hypoparathyroidism
Surgery (inadvertent removal)
Aplasia- DiGeorge syndrome: parathyroid and thymic aplasia
Autoimmune
What’s more likely to be functional- adrenal adenoma or carcinoma?
Adrenal carcinoma: Cushing’s and adrenogenital syndrome (oestrogen secretion)
Name 2 markers in phaeochromocytoma
24 hr urinary catecholamines
Plasma chromogranin A
Name 2 types of diabetes insipidus
Central DI: insufficiency of ADH
Nephrogenic DI: kidneys resistant to ADH
MEN syndromes mutations
MEN 1: tumour suppressor gene that encodes menin
MEN 2a: RET proto-oncogene
MEN 2b: RET gene
Peripheral resistance to thyroxine?
Refetoff syndrome
Pathology behind orbitopathy and dermatopathy in Graves?
T-cell mediated autoimmune attack
Deposition of GAGs and lymphocytic infiltration
