Endocrine Disorders

Question 1

Craniopharyngioma on histology?

Answer 1

Adamantinomatous: stratified squamous epithelium

Papillary: well-differentiated squamous epithelium (usually no keratin)

Question 2

Triad of Grave’s disease?

Answer 2

HOP

Hyperthyroidism

Orbitopathy

Pre-tibial myxoedema

Question 3

Hashimoto thyroiditis on FNA?

Answer 3

Lymphocytes

Hurthle cells

Question 4

Name 2 syndromes associated with increased risk of papillary thyroid cancer?

Answer 4

Gardner syndrome

Cowden syndrome

Question 5

Name 2 histological features of PTC.

Answer 5

Orphan Annie eyes: large nucleus with no nucleoli

Psamomma bodies (punctate calcifications)

Question 6

Prognosis of PTC?

Answer 6

Excellent: 98% 10 year survival

Surgery or radio-iodine ablation

Involvement of cervical LN does NOT affect Px

Question 7

FNA and Px of FTC

Answer 7

FNA: follicular pattern- cannot distinguish between adenoma and carcinoma

Need core biopsy to look for capsular invasion

90% 10 year survival

Question 8

Spread and marker for FTC

Answer 8

Spreads haematogeneously (lymphatic spread rare)

Thyroglobulin can be used as a marker

Question 9

Top 3 causes of hypoparathyroidism

Answer 9

Surgery (inadvertent removal)

Aplasia- DiGeorge syndrome: parathyroid and thymic aplasia

Autoimmune

Question 10

What’s more likely to be functional- adrenal adenoma or carcinoma?

Answer 10

Adrenal carcinoma: Cushing’s and adrenogenital syndrome (oestrogen secretion)

Question 11

Name 2 markers in phaeochromocytoma

Answer 11

24 hr urinary catecholamines

Plasma chromogranin A

Question 12

Name 2 types of diabetes insipidus

Answer 12

Central DI: insufficiency of ADH

Nephrogenic DI: kidneys resistant to ADH