Endocrine Diseases Part 3

Question 1

What condition results from a deficiency or resistance to vasopressin?

Answer 1

diabetes insipidus

Question 2

What symptoms result from diabetes insipidus? (2)

Answer 2

extreme thirst

excessive urination

Question 3

What are the origin of cause for diabetes insipidus? (2)

Answer 3

neurogenic (lack of vasopressin secretion)

nephrogenic (decreased response to vasopressin)

Question 4

What is the treatment for diabetes insipidus?

Answer 4

If neurogenic, then synthetic vasopressin.

Question 5

What can occur as a result of injury to posterior pituitary in neuro cases, but will reverse?

Answer 5

diabetes insipidus

Question 6

Vasopressin is also known as what?

Answer 6

ADH

Question 7

What is a chronic disease caused by abnormal glucose metabolism that results in predictable long-term morbidity?

Answer 7

Diabetes mellitus DM

Question 8

Sympathetic innervation of T5-T10 results in:

_____ blood sugar

______ insulin

Answer 8

increase

decrease

Question 9

Parasympathetic response results in:

______ insulin

Answer 9

increase insulin release

Question 10

Insulin increases and decreases what? (5)

Answer 10

Increases:

• glucose uptake
• glycogen synthesis
• protein sythesis and storage
• fat synthesis and storage

Decreases:

• gluconeogenesis

Question 11

What does glucagon do? (4)

Answer 11

↑ glucose output from liver
↑ glycogenolysis
↑ gluconeogenesis (from amino acids)
↑ adipose cell lipase

Note: it is the opposite of insulin

Question 12

What hormones can increase glucose levels? (2)

Answer 12

cortisol

epi

Question 13

What condition is caused by decreased secretion of insulin from beta cells or increased resistance of receptors to circulating insulin?

Answer 13

DM

Question 14

What will result from lack of insulin? (3)

Answer 14

• breakdown of glucose
• breakdown of fat–increased atherosclerosis
• breakdown of protein

Question 15

Type I diabetes is characterized by what? (2)

Answer 15

autoimmune destruction of cells

body does not create insulin

hungry, thirsty, and pee a lot

Question 16

Type II diabetes is characterized by what?

Answer 16

normal insulin levels but not enough for blood sugar levels

Question 17

Symptoms of DM: (8)

Answer 17

polyurea
polydypsia
polyphagia–hungry
weight loss
asthenia–weakness
“sweet” breath
vision impairment
genital pruritis

Question 18

Long term complications of DM: (4)

Answer 18

HTN
Vascular disease
Neuropathy
Renal failure

Question 19

Acute complications of DM: (3)

Answer 19

• DKA of type I diabetes pts
• Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma (HONK) more common in type II
• HYPOglycemia

Question 20

First sign of autonomic neuropathy in DM patient is:

Answer 20

orthostatic hypotension

Question 21

End-organ pathology of patients with DM

What happens to the:

Bladder

GI tract

Joints?

Answer 21

increased infection rate

delayed gastric emptying

stiff joints, test by prayer sign

Question 22

What condition is caused by:

decreased insulin activity → metabolism of free fatty acids → accumulation of organic acids by-products

Answer 22

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

Question 23

What are signs of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)? (6)

FAT PAN

Answer 23

• Tachypnea
• Fatigue
• Abdominal pain
• Polyuria
• N/V
• Altered mental status

Question 24

What can occur with too much sugar in the blood?

Answer 24

DKA

Question 25

How do you treat DKA? (3)

Answer 25

high serum glucose

hyperosmolar diuresis with NS

insulin