Endocrine disease Flashcards
What symptoms do you look for in an endocrine history?
What do you look for in endocrine examination?
Which hormones are secreted in the pituitary?
Symptoms and signs of low LH and FSH?
Symptoms of low GH?
Symptoms of low TSH?
Symptoms of low ACTH?
Symptoms of low Prolactin?
Symptoms of low ADH?
Symptoms of high LH and FSH?
Symptoms of high GH?
Symptoms of high TSH?
Symptoms of high ACTH?
Symptoms of high prolactin?
Which endocrine tests do you do?
What tests are in a pituitary profile?
What are the dynamic endocrine stimulation tests?
What are the endocrine suppression tests?
What is the fluid status of those with hyponatraemia secondary to SIADH?
Euvolaemic
What are the chronic symptoms of hyponatraemia?
What are the acute/life threatening symptoms of hyponatraemia?
Causes of hypovolaemic hyponatraemia?
Causes of euvolemic hyponatraemia?
Causes of hypervolaemic hyponatraemia?
What investigations do you do for hyponatraemia?
What would urine sodium and osmolarity be in salt depletion hypovolemia?
What would urine sodium and osmolarity be in SIADH?
What would urine sodium and osmolarity be in primary polydipsia or beer potomania?
What is the diagnostic criteria for SIADH?
How is SIADH managed?
How well does fluid restriction in SIADH correct hyponatraemia?
What should you aim a fluid restriction to be?
500ml less than 24 hour urine volume
When is fluid restriction unlikely to work?
What is furst formula?
What medications treat SIADH?
Tolvaptan
> 95% of patients with SIADH have elevated levels of what hormone?
Vasopressin
MOA of Tolvaptan?
Vasopressin 2 receptor antagonist
Selectively increases free water excretion
Dose of Tolvaptan?
7.5mg starting, uptitrate every 1-2 days
Side effects of Tolvaptan?
How does demeclocycline work for SIADH?
What would you give a patient with hyponatraemia with severe symptoms?
Hypertonic sodium chloride
What is the max Na+ should increase by in 24 hours?
6 mmol/L
How often do you measure Na+ levels in hyponatraemi treatment?
If Na+ less than 105mmol/L, what is the patient at high risk of?
How do you stop a fast rise in Na+?
Common causes of hypercalcaemia?
Uncommon causes of hypercalcaemia?
Acute symptoms of hypercalcaemia?
Chronic symptoms of hypercalcaemia?
How do you confirm diagnosis for hypercalcaemia?
Serum Ca (Adjusted for albumin)
What are the potential mechanisms of hypercalcaemia?
High PTH with hypercalcaemia = ?
Low PTH with hypercalcaemia = ?
Normal PTH with hypercalcaemia = ?
What is FHH?
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH)
Rare autosomal dominant condition.
It occurs as a result of mutations in the calcium-sensing receptor.
What investigations would you do for hypercalcaemia?
Diagnosis criteria for primary hyperparathyroidism?
Causes of raised PTH?
What genetic abnormalities is primary hyperparathyroidism associated with?
When would you suspect a genetic cause of primary hyperparathyroidism?
What happens to calcium, phosphate and PTH in primary hyperparathyroidism?
What are the causes of primary hyperparathyroidism?
What are the indications for parathyroid surgery?
What are the complications of parathyroidectomy? (mechanical and metabolic)
What cancers are associated with hypercalcaemia?
How is severe hypercalcaemia managed?
What are the acute features of hypocalcaemia?
What are the chronic features of hypocalcaemia?
What are the causes of hypocalcaemia?
Hypo parathyroidism
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
Renal failure
Medications
Acute pancreatitis
Alkalosis
Vitamin D deficiency
Ineffective vitamin D
Osteoblastic bone mets
Massive blood transfusion
Hypoalbuminaemia (Psuedohypocalcemia)
How does hypoparathyroidism cause hypocalcaemia?
How does pseudohypoparathyroidism cause hypocalcaemia?
What is the most common cause of hypocalcaemia?
Renal failure
What lab findings would you see in renal failure causing hypocalcaemia?
What medications can cause hypocalcaemia?
How does acute pancreatitis cause hypocalcaemia?
How does alkalosis cause hypocalcaemia?
How does vitamin D deficiency cause hypocalcaemia and what lab findings would you get?
What is the aetiology of ineffective vitamin D and hypocalcaemia and what lab findings would you get?
How does massive blood transfusions cause hypocalcaemia?
What investigations would you do for hypocalcaemia?
What is the Ellsworth howard test?
What is the emergency treatment for acute hypocalcaemia?
