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Year 3 medicine > Endocrine disease > Flashcards

Endocrine disease Flashcards

1
Q

What symptoms do you look for in an endocrine history?

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2
Q

What do you look for in endocrine examination?

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3
Q

Which hormones are secreted in the pituitary?

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4
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5
Q

Symptoms and signs of low LH and FSH?

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6
Q

Symptoms of low GH?

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7
Q

Symptoms of low TSH?

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8
Q

Symptoms of low ACTH?

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9
Q

Symptoms of low Prolactin?

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10
Q

Symptoms of low ADH?

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11
Q

Symptoms of high LH and FSH?

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12
Q

Symptoms of high GH?

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13
Q

Symptoms of high TSH?

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14
Q

Symptoms of high ACTH?

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15
Q

Symptoms of high prolactin?

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16
Q

Which endocrine tests do you do?

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17
Q

What tests are in a pituitary profile?

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18
Q

What are the dynamic endocrine stimulation tests?

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19
Q

What are the endocrine suppression tests?

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20
Q

What is the fluid status of those with hyponatraemia secondary to SIADH?

A

Euvolaemic

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21
Q

What are the chronic symptoms of hyponatraemia?

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22
Q

What are the acute/life threatening symptoms of hyponatraemia?

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23
Q

Causes of hypovolaemic hyponatraemia?

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24
Q

Causes of euvolemic hyponatraemia?

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25
Q

Causes of hypervolaemic hyponatraemia?

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26
Q

What investigations do you do for hyponatraemia?

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27
Q

What would urine sodium and osmolarity be in salt depletion hypovolemia?

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28
Q

What would urine sodium and osmolarity be in SIADH?

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29
Q

What would urine sodium and osmolarity be in primary polydipsia or beer potomania?

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30
Q

What is the diagnostic criteria for SIADH?

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31
Q

How is SIADH managed?

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32
Q

How well does fluid restriction in SIADH correct hyponatraemia?

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33
Q

What should you aim a fluid restriction to be?

A

500ml less than 24 hour urine volume

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34
Q

When is fluid restriction unlikely to work?

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35
Q

What is furst formula?

A
36
Q

What medications treat SIADH?

A

Tolvaptan

37
Q

> 95% of patients with SIADH have elevated levels of what hormone?

A

Vasopressin

38
Q

MOA of Tolvaptan?

A

Vasopressin 2 receptor antagonist
Selectively increases free water excretion

39
Q

Dose of Tolvaptan?

A

7.5mg starting, uptitrate every 1-2 days

40
Q

Side effects of Tolvaptan?

A
41
Q

How does demeclocycline work for SIADH?

A
42
Q

What would you give a patient with hyponatraemia with severe symptoms?

A

Hypertonic sodium chloride

43
Q

What is the max Na+ should increase by in 24 hours?

A

6 mmol/L

44
Q

How often do you measure Na+ levels in hyponatraemi treatment?

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45
Q

If Na+ less than 105mmol/L, what is the patient at high risk of?

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46
Q

How do you stop a fast rise in Na+?

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47
Q

Common causes of hypercalcaemia?

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48
Q

Uncommon causes of hypercalcaemia?

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49
Q

Acute symptoms of hypercalcaemia?

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50
Q

Chronic symptoms of hypercalcaemia?

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51
Q
A
52
Q

How do you confirm diagnosis for hypercalcaemia?

A

Serum Ca (Adjusted for albumin)

53
Q

What are the potential mechanisms of hypercalcaemia?

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54
Q

High PTH with hypercalcaemia = ?

A
55
Q

Low PTH with hypercalcaemia = ?

A
56
Q

Normal PTH with hypercalcaemia = ?

A
57
Q

What is FHH?

A

Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH)

Rare autosomal dominant condition.

It occurs as a result of mutations in the calcium-sensing receptor.

58
Q

What investigations would you do for hypercalcaemia?

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59
Q

Diagnosis criteria for primary hyperparathyroidism?

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60
Q

Causes of raised PTH?

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61
Q

What genetic abnormalities is primary hyperparathyroidism associated with?

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62
Q

When would you suspect a genetic cause of primary hyperparathyroidism?

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62
Q

What happens to calcium, phosphate and PTH in primary hyperparathyroidism?

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63
Q

What are the causes of primary hyperparathyroidism?

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64
Q

What are the indications for parathyroid surgery?

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65
Q

What are the complications of parathyroidectomy? (mechanical and metabolic)

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66
Q

What cancers are associated with hypercalcaemia?

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67
Q

How is severe hypercalcaemia managed?

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68
Q

What are the acute features of hypocalcaemia?

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69
Q

What are the chronic features of hypocalcaemia?

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70
Q

What are the causes of hypocalcaemia?

A

Hypo parathyroidism
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
Renal failure
Medications
Acute pancreatitis
Alkalosis
Vitamin D deficiency
Ineffective vitamin D
Osteoblastic bone mets
Massive blood transfusion
Hypoalbuminaemia (Psuedohypocalcemia)

71
Q

How does hypoparathyroidism cause hypocalcaemia?

A
72
Q

How does pseudohypoparathyroidism cause hypocalcaemia?

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73
Q

What is the most common cause of hypocalcaemia?

A

Renal failure

74
Q

What lab findings would you see in renal failure causing hypocalcaemia?

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75
Q

What medications can cause hypocalcaemia?

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76
Q

How does acute pancreatitis cause hypocalcaemia?

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77
Q

How does alkalosis cause hypocalcaemia?

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78
Q

How does vitamin D deficiency cause hypocalcaemia and what lab findings would you get?

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79
Q

What is the aetiology of ineffective vitamin D and hypocalcaemia and what lab findings would you get?

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80
Q

How does massive blood transfusions cause hypocalcaemia?

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81
Q

What investigations would you do for hypocalcaemia?

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82
Q

What is the Ellsworth howard test?

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83
Q

What is the emergency treatment for acute hypocalcaemia?

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84
Q
A

Year 3 medicine (10 decks)

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