Allergic and Obstructive airways disease

Question 2

What is hyperpnoea?

Answer 2

Greater than baseline level of ventilation.
Can be normal e.g. to meet metabolic demand (exercise)

Question 3

What is hyperventilation?

Answer 3

Increased breathing that exceeds metabolic demand and results in a reduction in alveolar and arteriolar pCO2

Question 4

What cardiac causes are there for chronic breathlessness?

Answer 4

IHD, cardiomyopathies, arrhythmias, valvular, pericardial

Question 5

What neuromuscular causes are there for chronic breathlessness?

Answer 5

Muscular dystrophies, MND, Poliomyelitis, Guillain Barre

Question 6

What MSK causes are there for chronic breathlessness?

Answer 6

Kyphoscoliosis
Chest wall trauma

Question 7

What endocrine causes are there for chronic breathlessness?

Answer 7

Thyroid goitre
Thyrotoxicosis

Question 8

Acute, subacute and chronic breathlessness causes

Answer 8

Question 9

What are the differentials for asthma?

Answer 9

Question 10

What are some reasons for poor asthma control?

Answer 10

Question 11

What is acute bronchitis?

Answer 11

Question 12

What is chronic bronchitis?

Answer 12

Question 13

What is emphysema?

Answer 13

Question 14

What are the differentials for COPD

Answer 14

Question 15

What is Asthma/COPD overlap syndrome (ACOS)?

Answer 15

Question 16

How is ACOS managed?

Answer 16

Question 17

What is bronchiectasis?

Answer 17

Question 18

Why is bronchiectasis often referred to as suppurative lung disease?

Answer 18

Lots of sputum that they can’t cough up, which acts as good culture medium for infections

Question 19

What is the aetiology of bronchiectasis?

Answer 19

Question 20

What is the clinical presentation of bronchiectasis?

Answer 20

Question 21

What are the differentials for bronchiectasis?

Answer 21

Question 22

What investigations would you do for bronchiectasis?

Answer 22

Question 23

What is the management of bronchiectasis?

Answer 23

Question 24

Which abx is started to prevent recurrent chest infections?

Answer 24

Azithromycin

Question 25

What is allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)?

Answer 25

An exaggerated T-helper cell reaction to aspergillus fumigates

Question 26

What would show on a HRCT for ABPA?

Answer 26

Central bronchiectasis

Question 27

When would you suspect ABPA (Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis)?

Answer 27

In a patient with a long history of asthma not responding to inhaled therapy e.g. SOB, productive cough, sputum plugs and recurrent infections

Question 28

What abnormal blood tests would you see in ABPA?

Answer 28

Peripheral eosinophilia Increased IgE Increased IgG to Aspergillus fumigatus

Question 29

How is ABPA managed?

Answer 29