Endocrine conditions - Diabetes Flashcards
Life long condition in which the body does not properly process and use energy from glucose.
this can cause a person’s blood sugar to become high.
-NHS spends around 10 billion a year on diabetes.- this is 10% of the budget.
- People with diabetes are twice as likely to be admitted to the hospital.
Islet of Langerhans
- Pancreatic cells that produce hormones (Glucagon and insulin) that are secreted into the blood stream.
Hormone actions
Insulin
- Acts as a key that unlocks the cell membranes to allow glucose to enter and be used as energy.
- Insulin stops the use of fat as an energy source by inhibiting the release of glucagon.
- Insulin stimulates the liver to store excess glucose nad glycogen.
Hormone actions
glucagon
- causes the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose which is released into the bloodstream,.
- Promotes production of glucose from amino acids.
- Reduces glucose consumption by the liver.
- Acts on adipose tissue to break down ketone bodies - this is the starvation mode.
Normal blood sugar (BM) levels
- 4.0mmol - 7.0mmol for a non diabetic person.
- 4.0mmol - 9.0mmol for a dibetic person
- <4.0 mmol - hypoglycemia
-> 11 mmol or 12mmol - maybe hyperglycemia
Diabetes is a lifelong condition that causes a person’s blood sugar levels to become too high. This occurs because the body can not use glucose properly either owing to a lack of the hormones insulin or because the insulin available does not work properly.
Types of diabetes
- Diabetes meilitus :
- Type 1
- Type 2
- Diabetes insipius
Pathophysiology type 1 diabetes
- An autoimmune disease that has an unknown cause.
- Immune system attacks the cells in the pancreas.
Pancreas is unable to produce the hormone insulin - known as complete inulin deficiency. - body still breaks down carbohydrates from food and drink producing glucose (Sugar). However when glucose enters the bloodstream. There is no insulin to allow it into the body’s cells.
- More and more glucose then builds up in the bloodstream.
- Blood ph becomes distorted.
- cells staved of fuel (glucose).
Symptoms of type 1 diabetes
- Excessive thirst
- Increased urination
- Fatigue
- Loss of muscle bulk/ weight loss
- BM alterations
Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes
lifestyle induced
-Pancreas produces insulin which does not work properly OR the pancreas can not make enough insulin. This is due to partial beta cell destruction causing partial insulin deficiency.
This can be occupied with
- The cells in the body are not able to use insulin properly. This is called insulin resistance.
The receptors on the cell membrane that accept insulin (lock and key) become damaged / change shape. This means insulin is no longer able to act upon them to stimulate the unlocking of the cells to allow glucose to enter.
- The body still breaks down carbohydrates from your food and drink and turns it into glucose.
-Pancreas responds by releasing insulin.
- However because this insulin can not work properly or there is not enough (supply and demand). this caused blood glucose to keep rising.
Signs and symptoms of type 2 diabetes
- Fatigue (after meals)
- Hunger (after meals)
- Nausea
- Blurred vision
- Bm Alterations
There are three diabetic emergencies.
- Hypoglycaemia
- Hyperglycaemia
- Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Hypoglycaemia - classifications
<4.0mmol for pts with diabetes
<3.0mmol - pts without diabetes.
Mild Signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia
- Tremors
- sweating
- tachycardia
- agitation
- pallor
