Endocrine And Nervous System Flashcards
Lobectomy
Removal of a lobe of the thyroid gland
Istmusectomy
Excision of the isthmus of the thyroid gland.
Femoral Nerve
Sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) nerve supplying the front of the thigh and part of the lower leg.
Common Fibular Nerve (common peroneal)
Sensory and motor nerve supplying the knee and superior tibiofibular joints and tibialis anterior muscle. It divides into superficial and deep fibular (peroneal) nerves; a branch of the sciatic nerve supplying movement and sensation to the lower leg, foot, and toes.
Intercostal Nerves
The upper thoracic nerves innervate primarily the chest and upper abdomen; the only nerves not originating from a plexus.
Median Nerve
Innervates most flexor muscles of the forearm and provides sensation for the thumb, index, middle fingers, and a portion of the ring finger. It is the only nerve passing through the carpal tunnel
Musculocutaneous Nerve
Sensory and motor nerve of the coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, and the greater part of the brachialis (the bicep and side of forearm). It arises from the brachial plexus.
Radial Nerve
Innervates the triceps brachii muscle of the arm and all 12 muscles in the posterior osteofascial compartment of the forearm.
Saphenous Nerve
Sensory nerve of the knee joint, subsartorial, and patellar plexuses, and the skin on medial side of the leg and foot.
Sciatic Nerve
The largest nerve of the body, derived from spinal nerves L4 through S3, runs through the buttock and down the lower limb. It supplies the skin of the leg and the muscles of the back of the thigh. It divides just above the knee into the tibial and common fibular (common peroneal) nerves.
Subcostal Nerves
Sensory and motor nerves of the skin of lower abdomen and lateral side of gluteal region, and parts of abdominal transverse, oblique, and rectus muscles.
Tibial Nerve
Sensory and motor nerve, supplies the muscles and skin of the knee, calf, and sole of the foot, and the toes; a branch of the sciatic nerve.
Ulnar Nerve
Provides sensation for the little finger and a portion of the ring finger and innervates some muscles of the hand and forearm.
Vertebral segment
basic constituent part into which the spine may be divided. It represents a single complete vertebral bone with its associated articular processes and laminae.
Vertebral interspace
non-bony compartment between two adjacent vertebral bodies containing the intervertebral disc. It includes the nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus, and two cartilaginous endplates.
Acromegaly
Overgrowth of bone and soft tissue. Especially the hands, feet, and face caused by excess growth hormone in an adult.
Cushing’s Syndrome
Excess of cortisol caused by an overactive adrenal gland or glucocorticoid medications. Symptoms include excess fatty tissue of the face, neck, and body, weight gain, curvature of the spine and muscle weakness.
Goiter
Enlarged thyroid gland caused by overproduction of thyroid hormone of a neoplasm. Can rarely be caused by iodine deficiency in a diet.
Hyperparathroidism
Overactive parathyroid; may result in bone deterioration, reduced renal function, kidney stones, and other difficulties.
Hyperaldosteronism
Oversecretion of aldosterone by the adrenal glands. Results in fluid retention and hypertension.
Hypoparathyroidism
Under active parathyroid. May result in muscle cramps, cataracts, among other difficulties
Hypothyroidism
Too little thyroid hormone is produced. May result in intellectual disability or small stature in children. In adults low metabolism, fatigue, and fluids in the tissue.
Panhypopituitarism
Inadequate or absent production of the anterior pituitary hormones caused by damage or absence of the pituitary gland. Impaired sexual function, weight loss, fatigue, depression, among other symptoms.
Prolactinoma
Benign tumor of the pituitary gland with excess production of prolactin. Can result in infertility.
Thyrotoxicosis
Condition resulting from overactive thyroid gland. Symptoms include anxiety, irritability, weight loss, and sweating. Main example is Grave’s disease
Addison’s disease
Adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol, and in some cases aldosterone. Related to autoimmune disorders. Chronic worsening fatigue and muscle weakness, loss of appetite, and weight loss.
Encephalitis
Swelling and inflammation of the brain
Myelitis
Swelling and inflammation of the spinal cord
Encephalomyelitis
Swelling and inflammation of both the brain and spinal cord
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
ALS. Disorder marked by muscle weakness, spasticity, and exaggerated reflexes caused by degeneration of motor neurons.
Ataxia
Lack of muscle coordination.
Cerebral lipidoses
Genetic disorder causing lipid accumulation in the brain.
Cerebral palsy
Non-progressive neuromuscular disorder usually caused by damage to the CNS near the time of birth. May include spasticity, involuntary movements, or ataxia.
Hydrocephalus
Increased accumulation of CSF in or around the brain as a result of obstructed flow. May be caused by a tumor, inflammation, hemorrhage, or congenital abnormality.
Myelopathy
Dysfunction of the spinal cord
Neuropathy
Dysfunction of the nerves
Myoclonus
Spontaneous, uncontrolled twitching of a muscle group or group of muscles.
Paraplegia
Paralysis of the legs or lower part of the body.
Reye’s syndrome
A rare acute encephalopathy occurring in children after viral infections. Liver, kidney, and heart may be involved.
Syringomgelia
Progressive disease marked by a formation of fluid filled cavities in the spinal cord.
Anoxic brain damage
Brain injury due to lack of oxygen. If due to birth trauma code from chapter 15
Cataplexy
Sudden onset of muscle weakness with loss of tone and strength; triggered by intense emotion
Diplegia
Paralysis of like parts on either side of the body
Dural tear
Tear in the outermost layer (dura) of the meninges. Can result in loss of CSF.
Grand mal status
Sudden loss of consciousness followed by generalized convulsions in epilepsy
Hemiplegia
Paralysis affecting one side of the body
Monoplegia
Paralysis of one limb
Multiple sclerosis
The body directs antibodies and white blood cells against the myelin sheath surrounding the nerves in the brain and spinal cord causing inflammation and injury; ultimately to the nerves.
Petit mal status
Minor, involuntary muscle movement or brief disturbance in brain function due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain.
Quadriplegic
Paralysis in all four limbs.
Bell’s palsy
Paralysis or weakness of the muscles on one side of the face
Causalgia
Intense burning pain and sensitivity to vibration of touch.
Demyelination
Damage to the myelin sheath of neurons; occurs in MS.
Geniculate ganglionitis
Involves severe pain deep in the ear, may be caused by compression of the somatic sensory branch of Cranial Nerve VII. May also develop after herpes zoster oticus
Muscular dystrophy
A group of hereditary muscle disorders marked by progressive weakness and muscular atrophy
Myoneural disorders
Disorders affecting the muscles and nerves
Myotonia
Slow relaxation of the muscles after voluntary contraction or electrical stimulation. May have issues releasing grip or rising from a seated position.
Trigeminal neuralgia
Inflammation of the Trigeminal nerve (V). Delivers feeling to the face.
Infected thyroglossal duct cyst
This cyst is formed from a duct that has not closed or has not disappeared by the time the thyroid gland has moved to its permanent position in the neck during embryonic development.
Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome Type 1
Wermer’s syndrome. Inherited disorder causing groups of endocrine glands to become overactive simultaneously. Usual treatment is to remove three largest parathyroid glands and all but a small part of the fourth.
Rhizotomy
Neurolytic agents used to destroy nerve tissue. Provides constant relief of pain due to disease or abnormality of the nerve root. May provide relief for a week up to a year.
