Chapter 11 - Digestive System Flashcards
Duodenum
First portion of the small intestine. Ducts from the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder open into the duodenum via the hepatopancreatic ampulla.
Jejunum
Middle portion of the small intestine
Ileum
Last portion of the small intestine. Most food absorption takes place in the ileum
-ase
Enzyme
Bucc/o
Cheek
Celi/o
Abdomen
-cele
Hernia
-chezia
Defecation
Chol/e, chol/o
Bile, gall
Choledoch/o
Common bile duct
Cholecyst/o
Gallbladder
Cirrh/o
Yellow, orange
Dia-
Through, throughout, completely
-ectasia, -ectasis
Dilation, expansion, distension
Emesis
Vomiting
Gingiv/o
Gingivae, gums of the mouth
Gloss/o
Tongue
Labi/o
Lips
Lapar/o
Abdominal wall
Lingu/o
Tongue
-lysis
Separation, loosening, dissolving, destruction
Or/o
Mouth
-pepsia
Digestion
-phagia
Eating, swallowing
Proct/o, rect/o
Rectum
Sial/o
Saliva, salivary gland, salivary duct
Sialaden/o
Salivary gland
Stomat/o
Mouth
Uvul/o
Uvula
Barrett’s esophagus
Abnormal growth of stomach or intestinal cells at the distal end of the esophagus. Can be a forerunner of cancer of the lower esophagus. May develop because of GERD
Esophagitis
Inflammation of the lining of the esophagus. Can be caused by infection, irritation, or medications. Continued exposure to gastric acids erode the esophagus causing esophageal stricture.
Esophageal varices
Extremely dilated veins in the lower end of the esophagus. Often caused by portal hypertension and cirrhosis of the liver. Strong tendency to develop bleeding.
Mallory-Weiss Tear
Occurs in the mucous membranes of the esophagus, where it connects to the stomach. Usually caused by forceful or long term vomiting or coughing, or by epileptic convulsions. May be followed by vomiting bright red blood or passing blood in stool.
Hiatal hernia
Anatomical abnormality where the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm.
Dysphagia
Any condition that causes impairment of the movement of solid or liquids from the mouth, through the throat, and into the stomach.
Gastritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of the stomach. Often caused by bacterium called helicobater pylori. Can lead to ulcers and cancer. Long term used of NSAIDs can cause gastritis. Long term alcohol abuse. Verify if bleeding is involved
Peptic ulcer disease
A sore or opening in the inner lining of the stomach or duodenum. Develop when the protective layer of the stomach breaks down. Caused by H Pylori, NSAIDs, alcohol abuse. Use additional codes for alcohol abuse or dependence.
Gastroenteritis
Infection or irritation of the digestive tract. Particularly the stomach and intestines. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps, and sometimes fever or weakness. Can be viral or bacterial. Lasts about 3 days.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Group of inflammatory conditions of the colon and small intestine. Thee major types. Irritable bowel disease, crohn’s, and ulcerative colitis
Ulcerative colitis
Inflammatory disorder limited to the colon. Causes inflammation and sores in the lining of the rectum and colon where inflammation has killed the cells that usually line the colon. Can cause bleeding and pus.
Crohn’s Disease
Chronic, inflammatory process of the bowel that often leads to fibrosis and obstructive symptoms. Can affect any part of the GI tract. Abdominal pain and diarrhea. May be complicated by intestinal fistulization, obstruction, hemorrhage, abscess, or any combination. Unpredictable flares
Diverticulosis
Projections (diverticula) extend from the walls of the colon. These pockets of colonic mucosa and submucosa develop through weakness in the muscle of the colon walls when the colon contracts and puts pressure on the walls. Most often in the sigmoid colon. Can cause changes in bowel functions. In advanced stages the colon can become fixed, distorted, or narrowed.
Diverticulitis
Bacteria in the colon caused diverticular pockets. Can be mild with only slight discomfort in the lower left abdomen. Or extreme with severe tenderness and fever requiring antibiotics and diet restrictions. Can caused bleeding and perforation.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Known by wide variety of terms. Spastic colon, spastic colitis, and nervous or functional bowel. Most often affect the large intestine, but can affect other parts of the intestinal tract. Colon does not contract normally, but in a disorganized and violent manner. Results in changing bowel patterns with constipation and pain most common. Verify if diarrhea is involved.
Hemorrhoids
Dilated or enlarged varicose veins that occur in and around the anus and rectum. May be internal or external. Can be complicated by thrombosis, strangulation, prolapse, or ulceration.
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas. Can be acute or chronic. Binge drinking alcohol can cause acute pancreatitis. Gallbladder disease can also. Certain drugs, extremely high levels of triglycerides as well. Digestive juices break into the tissue of the organ rather than staying in the ducts of the pancreas causing severe damage.
Polyps
Abnormal growth of tissue projecting from the mucous membrane and attached by a narrow stalk. Often benign but can become malignant if not removed.
Meckel’s diverticulum
Congenital diverticulum. Connection from the yolk sac to the small intestine during embryonic development. Sometimes contains gastric or pancreatic juices. Typically asymptomatic. Managed by surgical resection.
Congenital megacolon
Congenital, abnormal dilation of the colon. Often accompanied by paralysis of the peristaltic movements of the bowel.
Imperforate anus or anal atresia
Birth defect where the rectum is malformed. Anus may be very narrow or missing altogether. May also be higher up. Needs to be corrects surgically soon after birth. Colostomy may be needed.
Vermilionectomy with mucosal advancement
Shaving or excision of the vermilion border of the lip. Verify the extent of work, repair, or resection.
Cheiloplasty
Plastic surgery of the lips. Verify code based on vertical height of the repair completed.
Vestibuloplasty
Surgical repair to resize the alveolar ridge height. Done by lowering the muscles attached to the buccal, labial, and lingual aspects of the jaw.
Frenum
Fold or flap of skin or mucous membrane that supports or restricts movement of a part or organ. Under the tongue and one connects each lip to the gums.
Frenotomy
Incision into a frenum.
Glossectomy
Surgical removal of all or part of the tongue. Coded based on extent of tissue removed from the tongue.
Palatopharyngoplasty
Removal of elongated excessive tissues of the uvula, soft palate, and pharynx. Typically performed for patients with oropharyngeal obstruction causing sleep apnea.
Palatoplasty
Surgical procedure to reconstruct the palate or roof of the mouth. Performed when a baby has congenital cleft lip. Verify extent, location, and if bone graft is used. Bone graft is reported separately
Sialodochoplasty
Involves inserting a hollow silicone tube into the salivary duct. Duct is allowed to around the tube. Complex repair. Tube is later removed and the opening restored.
Band ligation of esophageal varices
Tight band around esophageal varix that cuts off circulation and eliminates the varix.
Hot biopsy forceps
Uses monopolar current and a grounding pad on the patient. Enables provider to excise a lesion and control bleeding.
Electrocautery snare
Wire hoop that encircles a tissue rather than grasps it like a forceps does.
Transendoscopic ballon dilation
Endoscope is passed through the esophagus and a ballon is used to dilate narrow area of the esophagus. Only report if endoscope is used.
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)
Visualization of the esophagus, stomach, and proximal duodenum or jejunum. If physician does not examine the duodenum or jejunum report appropriate code with modifier 52
Nissen fundoplasty
Involves mobilization of the fundus of the stomach, which is then wrapped around the lower esophageal sphincter to correct esophageal reflux or hiatal hernia.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
Uses a combination of endoscopy and fluoroscopy to diagnose and treat certain problems of the biliary or pancreatic ductal systems. Used to diagnose and treat conditions of the bile ducts like gallstones, inflammatory structures, leaks, and malignancies. Primarily therapeutic but can be diagnostic
Entrolysis
Freeing of intestinal adhesions. Separate procedure.
Tapering
Gradual narrowing of a hollow organ, such as the intestines.
Inguinal hernia
Abdominal contents protrude into the inguinal canal. Most common hernia and repair depends on age
Sliding inguinal hernia
Peritoneal organs protrude in such a way that the wall of the internal organs forms a portion of the hernial sac
Lumbar hernia
Posterior abdominal wall or retroperitoneal out pouchings occur between the 12th rib and the iliac crest
Femoral hernia
Intestines protrude along the femoral canals. Found more frequently in adults and may occur due to multiple pregnancies, obesity, or connective tissue degeneration. Also common to the aging process
Incisional or ventral hernia
Protrusion occurs at the incisional site following abdominal surgery. Add additional code if mesh or prosthesis is used for the repair.
Epigastric hernia
Protrusion occurs in the midline between the xiphoid process and the umbilicus
Umbilical hernia
Protrusion occurs at the umbilicus as a result of an abnormally large or weak umbilical ring
Spigelian hernia
Uncommon. Hernia consists of protruding peritoneal fat, a peritoneal sac, or a viscous containing sac through the Spigelian zone. This zone is in the lower abdominal region on either side lateral to the rectus muscle
Omphalocele
Congenital anomaly in which variable amounts of abdominal contents protrude into the base of the umbilical cord. A double membrane covers the contents. Rare and when it occurs usually associated with other anomalies.
Incarcerated hernia
Constricted by the defect and cannot be reduced by simple manipulation. Can lead to strangulation hernia
Strangulation hernia
Medical emergency. Blood vessels become obstructed, necrosis may occur leading to peritonitis. Report excision/repair of the part and the appropriate code for repair of the strangulated hernia.
KUB
Kidney, ureter, bladder
Medicare gastroenterology codes
HCPCs level II contains codes for screenings for Medicare patients.
