Endocrine Flashcards
Does the pancreas have both endocrine and exocrine functions?
Yes
What is meant by exocrine?
Glands which decrease their products through a duct opening onto a epithelium rather then into the blood.
Eg. Pancreas releases into the gut
what do each part of the hypothalamus control?
Anterior: thermoregulation
Middle (tuberal): controls BP HR, how you are feeling
Posterior: memory, learning, arousal, sleep, shivering
where does Oxytocin come from?
Secreted by posterior lobe of pituitary gland
Made by the hypothalamus
Follicle stimulating hormone
Where is it released?
what effect does it have?
Released by pituitary gland
Stimulates growth of ovarian follicles in the ovary
In men stimulates Sertoli cells to start sperm production
what role does Oestrogen play in men?
Plays role in male sexual function
Anti diuretic hormone
Where is it made?
where is it stored?
What does it do?
ADH
Made by hypothalamus
Stored in posterior pituitary gland
Tell kidneys how much water to conserve
Main function of thyroid hormones
Increase that basal metabolic rate, affect protien synthesis and regulate long bone growth
Glands of the endocrine system
Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Pineal Gland (epiphysis) Thyroid + Parathyroid Pancreas Adrenal Glands Ovaries Testes
Hormones may be classified broadly into two classes, which are?
water soluble (hydrophilic) such as amine, peptide, and protein hormones
lipid soluble (hydrophobic) steroid hormones derived from cholesterol.
Where are the receptors for steroid and thyroid hormones?
inside the nucleus of the target cell.
Where do Hormone-receptor complex bind to, and what effect do they have?
promoter regions of the responsive gene to either simulate or inhibit the gene
What effect do steroid hormones have on cells?
modulate gene expression of a cell by affecting transcription
How do Protein and peptide hormones target the cell, and what effect does this have?
They have receptors on the plasma membrane, that when bind to a hormone it releases a second messenger into the cells to alter the physiologic state of the cell.
Signal transduction
Hormones released by Hypothalamus
Neoropeptide
Growth hormone
Releasing hormones- Thyrotropic
Hormones released by Anterior pituitary gland
Thyriod stimulating TSH Adrenocorticotropic ACTH Growth hormone Follicle Stimulating Luteinizing Prolactin Melancyte stimulation MSH
Hormones released by Posterior pituitary gland
antidiuretic ADH
Oxytocin
Hormones released by Thyroid Gland
Thyroxine
Calcitonin
Parathyriod
Hormones released by Pancreas
Insulin
Glucagon
somatostain
Polpeptide
Hormones released by Adrenal Glands
Adrenaline
Cortisol
Neurodrenaline
Aldosterone
Hormones released by Ovaries
Oestrogen
Hormones released by Testes
Testosterone
Hormones released by Kidney
Erythropoietin
Rennin
Hormones released by Stomach
Gastrin
Hormones released by Duodenum
Cholecystokinin
secretin
What does the hypothalamus do?
works as the processing centre in order for the body to achieve homeostasis. Processes internal stimuli and signals the appropriate response. Most of these responses are carried out by the neuroendercrine or endocrine systems via the Hypothalamic pituitary axis.
What does the Hypothalamic pituitary axis do?
hypothalamic-pituitary axis directly affects the functions of the thyroid gland, the adrenal gland, and the gonads, as well as influencing growth, milk production, and water balance
Hypothalamic releasing hormones:
Growth hormone, Thyroid stimulating hormone, lutienizing hormone, Prolactin
Hypothalamic inhibiting hormones:
oxytocin, Antiduretic hormone
hypophyseal portal system
Method of hormones being transported from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland.
Structure of the pituitary gland
Anterior and posterior
what does the pituitary gland do?
releases hormones that regulate things such as metabolism, growth, sexual development and reproduction. this is done by direct effect or by regulating hormones from other endocrine organs.
hypothalamic pituitary endocrine axis
the cascade of hormones from the hypothalumus - to the anterior pituitary gland, and to another target gland
Give three examples of endocrine glands controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary endocrine axis:
thyroid gland, ovaries, adrenal gland
Why is negative feedback important in physiological function?
Ensures that processes are brought back to normal whenever they start to become too extreme.
Flow of negative feedback for insulin:
high blood sugar – insulin released from pancreas – insulin makes skeletal and fat cells in body take in sugar faster - blood sugar goes down.
Acts on receptors on liver increases the store of sugar in the liver as glucagon
Flow for negative feedback for Glycogen:
Low blood sugar – Pancreases releases Glucagon – blood sugar increase by releasing - glucose from the liver.
what are Endocrinopathies?
diseases involving an endocrine gland, that decreases the quality or quantity of the gland’s secretion or response to a hormone
What hormones causes Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Insulin
Effects of Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Insulin too low - hypoglycemia
Typical symptoms include:
feeling very thirsty
passing urine more often than usual, particularly at night
What hormones causes Type 2 diabetes
Insulin
Effects of type 2 Diabetes
Insulin resistant
what hormone causes Acromegaly
Growth hormone
What are the effects of Acromegaly
after adolescents the bones continue to grow, including face, hands and feet.
What hormones causes Gigantism, and what is it?
Somatotropin growth hormone, abnormal growth in children
what hormones causes Addison’s disease (AKA Primary adrenal insufficiency)
cortisol, aldosterone and adrenaline
What are the effects of Addison’s disease (AKA Primary adrenal insufficiency)?
too low BP, which isn’t controlled.
early signs are similar to flu. Low mood fatigue dizziness thirst
what hormones cause Cushings syndrome and what is it?
Cortisol
ACTH - Adrenocorticotropic hormone
metabolic disorder caused by overproduction of corticosteroid hormones by the adrenal cortex and often involving obesity and high blood pressure.
What is Cortisol?
Cortisol is sometimes called the “stress hormone” because it helps your body respond to stress. Cortisol also helps. maintain blood pressure. regulate blood glucose, also called blood sugar.
what hormone causes hypothyroidism? and the effcts?
thyroxine- levels are Too low – symptoms- low pulse tiredness weight gain depression being sensitive to the cold dry skin and hair muscle aches
what hormone causes hyperthyroidism? and the effcts?
Thyroxine levels are too high symptoms - weight loss, despite an increased appetite, palpitations / rapid pulse sweating and heat intolerance tiredness and weak muscles
