Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Systemic Pathology > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of hormones? Which are stored in granules?

A
  1. Polypeptides- synthesized and stored in
    granules (TRH, ADH, ACTH, TSH, PTH)
  2. Steroid hormones – not stored,
    (mineralocorticoids, cotisol, steroids, sex steroids)
  3. Amino acid derivatives – T3, T4, catecholamines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Primary vs. Secondary endocrine dysfuction

A

Primary: lesion in the organ itself

Secondary: lesion in another organ that affected hormone production/release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Causes for primary hyperfxn and hypofxn?

A

hyperfxn: neoplastic
hypofxn: immune-destruction, fail to develop, fail to product hormones d/t genetic defect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Most common cause for secondary hyperfxn & hypofxn?

A

hyperfxn: active tumor (secretes hormone) not in main endocrine organ (aka in pituitary)
hypofxn: inactive tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two types of tumors associated with Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (paraneoplastic syndrome)? What do they produce?

A

T-cell lymphoma & apocrine anal sac adenocarcinoma

PTHrP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

List the mechanisms of endocrine dysfunction?

A
  1. Primary hypo/hyperfxn
  2. Secondary hypo/hyperfxn
  3. hypersecretion of hormones by non-endocrine tumors
  4. failure of target cell response
  5. failure of fetal endocrine fxn
  6. abnormal degradation of hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When pheonobarb is administered long term, what can be the result for degradation of a specific hormone?

A

increases liver enzymes that degrade T4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What liver condition leads to decreased degradation of estrogen by the liver and feminization of hyperestrogenism?

A

cirrhosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What embryological strucuture if it persists will result in the lack of a pituitary gland?

A

Rathke’s pouch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the two divisions of the pituitary gland?

A

neurohypophysis

adenohypophysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What hormones does the neurohypophysis produce?

A

oxytocin and ADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the three parts of the adenohypophysis and what hormones do they produce?

A

pars distalis- ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH,
LTH, GH

pars intermedia (posterior lobe)- ACTH in the
dog

pars tuberalis- capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

A german shepherd presents with with the following on necropsy. DDX?

Common breeds?

A

Pituitary Cyst – results in Juvenile
Panhypopituitarism (Pituitary Dwarfism)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

A brachycephalic breed/GSH dog presents to you with slow growth, retention of puppy coat (lack of guard hairs), bilateral symmetrical alopecia, delayed permanent dentition, secondary
hypothyroidism and hypoadrenocorticism.

DDX?

A

Juvenile Panhypopituitarism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

A boston/boxer/dachshund presents with muscle atrophy, pot belly, hepatomegaly, redistribution of fat on dorsal midline of neck.

DDX?

A

hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What parts of the adenohypophysis could a corticotroph (ACTH-secreting) adenoma be located?

A

pars distalis & pars intermedia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Corticotroph (ACTH-secreting) adenoma:
T/F Severity of disease not related to tumor size.

What signs could be seen with a large tumor?

A

True

CNS, DI (PU/PD), blindness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

A boxer with signs of Cushing’s. Neoplasia type?

A

Pituitary adenoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

An old mare presents with PU/PD, laminitis,
increased appetite, muscle weakness,
somnolence (strong desire for sleep), intermittent pyrexia, generalized hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating), hyperglycemia,
glucosuria, *hypetrichosis (hirsutism) due to
failure of seasonal shedding.

DDX?

A

PPID

likely a melanotroph adenoma in PI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

A dog presents with thick skin, coarse bone, gingival hyperplasia, macroglossia (large tongue), large viscera, increase connective tissue.

DDX?

A

acromegaly d/t somatotroph adenoma producing excess GH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

A cats presents with prognathia inferior and diabetes mellitus.

DDX?

A

acromegaly d/t somatotroph adenoma producing GH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

A dog presents with PU/PD, hypo-osmotic urine- cannot concentrate (associated with ADH hormone production).

DDX? What structure is targeted in the brain?

A

hypophyseal form: inadequare ADH

(destruction of pars nervosa or infundibular stalk or hypothalamus from cyst, tumor, trauma, inflammation)

nephrogenic form (target cell defect)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the normal cortex:medulla ratio?

A

1:1 or 2:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe four causes for Cushing’s?

A
  1. Functional ACTH producing pituitary adenoma
  2. Functional adrenocortical adenoma or carcinoma
  3. Idiopathic hyperplasia of adrenal cortex
  4. Iatrogenic from chronic corticosteroid administration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the two types of adrenal cortical hyperplasia?

Which one is often associated with a pituitary adenoma?

Which is depicted?

How can hyperplasia be differentiated from an adenoma?

A

nodular- in the picture, older animals

diffuse- pituitary adenoma

adenoma in adrenal gland is usually UNILATERAL

hyperplastic nodules- BILATERAL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q
A

Bilateral adrenal gland hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

A single, unilateral, well-demarcated mass in the adrenal cortex with contralateral adrenal gland atrophy.

A

adrenal cortical adenoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Is an older dog presents with a mass in the adrenal cortex bilaterally, DDX?

A

nodular hyperplasia

cortical carcinoma (very invasive and met- check thoracic rads)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

A dog presents with hepatomegaly, delayed wound healing, frequent infections, bilateral symmetric alopecia with calcinosis cutis, increased appetite, pendulous belly, and CNS signs, & PU/PD.

DDX?

A

Cushing’s

Pituitary adenoma (CNS signs, and ADH effects)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Calcinosis cutis is a results of ….. calcification where Ca salts precipitate on degenerating collagen.

A

dystrophic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q
A

Calcinosis cutis

symptom of Hyperadrenocorticism

32
Q

This histo slide shows what?

A

collagen degeneration and deposition of Ca-salts (aka calcinosis cutis)

Associated with Cushings

33
Q

Why is hepatomegaly seen with Cushing’s Dz?

A

causes accumulation of glycogen in the liver

34
Q

Labwork from a dog shows:

  1. Neutrophilia without a left shift
  2. Lymphopenia, eosinopenia, monocytosis
  3. Elevated glucose & ALP
  4. Low urine specific gravity

DDX?

A

Cushing’s

35
Q

A cat presents for skin that is sloughing off.

DDX?

A

Cushing’s

(not as common in cats, liver lesions not usually present, no calcinosis cutis )

36
Q

Adrenal gland is mainly medulla ( cortex:medulla = 1:4). Often seen with what condition?

A

Addison’s aka hypoadrenocorticism (Def GC ZF/ZR; sometime mineralcorticoids ZG)

37
Q

Mechanisms for hypoadrenocorticism?

A
  1. idiopathic
  2. immune-mediated destruction
  3. long term steroid tx leads to adrenal cortex atrophy
  4. pituitary lesions affect ACTH zones in adrenal gland
38
Q

A dog presents with weight loss, impaired stress tolerance, non-specific gastroenteritis, bradycardia/hypotensive shock.

You run labwork and get the following: hyperkalemia & hypochloremia/hyponatremia. Na:K ratio is 23:1.

DDX?

What do you see on the thoracic rad and why?

A

Addison’s (hypoadrenocorticism)

microcardia; d/t hypovolemia from loss of NaCl

39
Q

The picture is of the adrenal gland. If given choice between cortex or medulla tumor, which is more likely and why?

A

medulla tumor d/t red color

(tumors of cortex are more tan in color)

40
Q

most common neoplasm in the adrenal medulla?

A

pheochromocytoma

small- no met

large- invasive and met

41
Q

Where are the most common locations for a pheochromocytoma to metastasize to?

A
  1. liver
  2. regional lymph nodes
  3. spleen
  4. lungs
42
Q

A patient presenting with tachycardia, edema, and cardiac hypertrophy may have excess production of which hormones from what tumor type?

A

catecholamines

pheochromocytoma

43
Q

Difference between the two pheochromocytomas?

A

top= hemorrhage

bottom: breakdown of blood produces darker color

44
Q

What occurred and what are the potential causes?

A

adrenal hemorrhage

  1. birth trauma in newborns
  2. exhaustion phase stress response
  3. toxemia (intestinal torsion horses)
  4. septicemia (injure endothelial lining of adrenal sinusoids)
45
Q

What two cell types are in the thyroid gland and what hormones do they produce? Which is controlled by the pituitary via TSH?

A

follicular: T3 & T4 (under control by TSH)

parafollicular cells: calcitonin (lowers blood-Ca)

46
Q

Where is a common location for extopic thyroid tissue? What tumor is a DDX for a heart base tumor?

A

ascending aorta at base of heart

thyroid carcinoma

47
Q

A dog presents with cysts or sinus tracts along ventral midline of the neck that produce watery/mucoid secretions. Formed fistulous tracts to the skin when it ruptured.

DDX?

A

Thyroglossal duct cysts

48
Q

nonneoplastic enlargement of thyroid gland as
a result of follicular cell hyperplasia

A

goiter

49
Q

What is the difference between diffuse and multinodular goiter?

A

Diffuse: TSH induced response to hypothyroidism

Multinodular: old cats, autonomous hyperthyroidism (independent of TSH)

50
Q

Name 4 causes of goiter?

A
  1. Iodine deficiency
  2. Iodine excess (disrupts T3/T4 release)
  3. Goitrogens
  4. Defects in the synthesis of thyroid hormones (congenital dyshormonogenetic goiter)
51
Q

What is a major cause of diffuse goiter?

A

iodine deficiency especially during the fetal & neonatal period

52
Q

In which geographic areas, is iodine deficiency common?

A

Pacific Northwest and the Great Lake regions

53
Q

A fetus presents with diffusely enlarged & reddened thyroid glands. DDX?

A

iodine deficiency

54
Q

DDX?

A

Goiter- iodine deficiency

55
Q

Describe the histology changes in this slide?

DDX?

A

Histo –

  • increased vascularity (red),
  • follicles irregularly enlarged,
  • decreased luminal diameter,
  • follicular cell hypertrophy (columnar),
  • colloid paler

Iodine Deficiency- goiter

56
Q

A fetus presents with myxedema in the dermis and less hair. What is myxedema and DDX?

A

myxedema- change in the dermis with edema and GAG

57
Q

What is the machnism by which excess iodine can act as a goitrogen?

A

by interfering with proteolysis of colloidal thyroglobulin thereby preventing hormone secretion

58
Q

Under what circumstance would the follicular cells be atrophied but the thyroid gland be large?

A

The involution stage after repletion of dietary
iodine in cases of hyperplastic goiter.

Thyroid gland remains enlarged, but follicular
cells have undergone atrophy because of
decrease TSH

59
Q

DDX? Primary or Secondary endocrine dysfxn?

What resulting condition common in dogs will result?

A

idiopathic follicular atrophy (lymphocytic thyroiditis?)

Primary

Hypothyroidism

60
Q

DDX?

What cell infiltrates the thyroid gland?

A

Lymphoplasmacytic Thyroiditis

thyroid reactive T-lymphocytes

61
Q

Discrete tan/brown nodules on thyroid.

Neoplasm type?

Functional?

most common species?

A

follicular adenoma

yes, fxn (hyperthyroidism)

cats

62
Q

A very invasive tumor derives from ectopic thyroid tissue is found in a dog.

Likely tumor type?

It has likely met to which organ?

Is it fxn or non-fxn?

A

follicular carcinoma

lungs

non-fxn

63
Q

Bulls fed a high Ca diet are prone to develop …?

What other neoplasm is common to see?

A

thyroid C-cell hyperplasia & neoplasm

bilateral pheochromocytoma

64
Q

What is the most common incidental thyroid tumor of equines?

A

c-cell adenoma

65
Q

What C-cell neoplasm is found in dogs/bulls?

Met to where?

A

C-cell carcinoma

regional l.n. & lungs

66
Q

A bull presents with a bulge in the neck region and increase vertebral bone density.

DDx?

A

C-cell hyperplasia/carcinoma

67
Q

What cells produce PTH in the parathyroid gland?

What effect does PTH have on Ca & P levels?

A

chief cells

increase blood Ca; decrease blood P

68
Q

A miniture schauzer presents with hypocalcemia and hyprphosphatemia.

DDX?

A

hypoparathyroidism d/t chief cell atrophy

69
Q

What are the three causes of primary hyperPTH?

A
  1. PTH chief cell adenoma- dogs, small
  2. PTH chief cell carcinoma- large, invasive
  3. Idiopathic, multinodular hyperplasia of chief cells-dogs
70
Q

What are the two types of secondary hyperPTH?

Is secondary or primary hyperPTH more common?

A

renal

nutritional

secondary more common

71
Q

How can you differ primary from secondary hyperPTH based on gross changes?

A

primary- tumor, could be unilateral

secondary- diffuse, bilateral

72
Q

Causes for nutritional hyperPTH?

A
  1. high P
  2. low Ca
  3. low Vit. D
73
Q

DDX?

A

nutritional hyperPTH (Bran/Big head Disease)

High P in bran feeds-

Increase PTH pulls calcium out of bone-bony
remodeling with fibrous connective tissue aka Fibrous osteodystrophy

74
Q

Metabolic bone disease in reptiles is a result of what?

A

nutritional hyperPTH

75
Q

The fibrous osteodystrophy (rubber jaw) observed in this puppy is a result of what?

Why did this condition occur?

A

renal secondary hyperPTH d/t primary renal dysplasia

Increase PTH response to hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, or low blood calcitriol (helps absorb Ca from intestines)

76
Q
A

Systemic Pathology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions