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Systemic Pathology > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

What encloses the heart?

A

fibroserous pericardial sac

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2
Q

an increase in myocardial mass

A

hypertrophy

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3
Q

an increase in chamber volume

A

dilation

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4
Q

an overall increase in the external dimensions of the heart

A

cardiomegaly

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5
Q

What two structures support the AV valves?

How many cusps do the tricuspid and mitral valves have?

A

chordae tendineae

T= 3 (dog only 2)

M= 2

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6
Q

What structure unique to the aortic and pulmonic valves is connected to the leaflets and is a fibrous saddle shaped ring?

A

annulus

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7
Q

Normal or not? Nodules on the free edges of the semilunar valve leaflets?

A

Normal

nodules of arantius

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8
Q

Normal Anatomy of the valves.

A
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9
Q

Process of valve closing: describe what the leaflets and the annulus do.

A
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10
Q

The cardiac skeleton supports the cardiac muscle & valves. Consists of four fibrous rings, fibrous triangle, and fibrous or membranous part of the septum

What is the cardiac skeleton made up of in pigs, cats, dogs, horses, large ruminants?

A

Dense fibrous CT in pigs & cats

Fibrocartilage dogs

Hyaline cartilage horse

Bone (os cordis) large ruminants*

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11
Q

What is the major blood supply to the heart?

When does the most flow occur?

A

coronary arteries that branch directly off the aorta

most flow during diastole

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12
Q

What is the dominant pacemaker of the heart?

Where is it located?

A

SA node

located subepicardially at
junction of cranial vena cava and right auricle

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13
Q

Describe the conduction system of the heart?

A
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14
Q

abnormalities in rate and rhythm

A

Dysrhythmias

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15
Q

What is the most common cause of dysrhythmias?

A

injury to the atrial/ventricular myocytes

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16
Q

also known as the visceral pericardium: Thin layer of mesothelium on elastic fiber-rich
connective tissue

A

epicardium

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17
Q

When is Atrial natriuretic factor released?

A

dilation/stretch of the atria

causes increase Na excretion and inhibits renin release

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18
Q

From what layer of the heart as AV valves infoldings of?

A

endocardium

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19
Q

Can mature cardiac muscle cells divide?

A

no, limits capability for compensation

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20
Q

Describe the compensatory mechanism for a failing heart?

A
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21
Q

What limits the extent to which cardiac myocytes can hypertrophy?

A
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22
Q

Causes of concentric hypertrophy?

A
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23
Q
A

Concentric cardiac hypertrophy

(Right side- increase size of moderator band)

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24
Q

Causes for Eccentric hypertrophy

A
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25
Q

Type of hypertrophy?

A

Eccentric hypertrophy

Globose heart (wall appear thin even though there has been hypertrophy d/t dilation)

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26
Q
A

Evidence of cardiac dilation d/t attenuation of papillary muscles and severe subendocardial fibrosis

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27
Q

What may be the best indicator of dilation in the atria?

A

subendocardial fibrosis

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28
Q
A

Left sided heart failure

pulmonary congestion/edema

left atrial enlargement

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29
Q

What sequelae of L-sided HF is shown here?

A

pulmonary edema

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30
Q

What sequelae of L-sided HF is shown?

A

hemosiderosis

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31
Q

How does the signs of R-sided heart failure manifest differently in horses vs. ruminants vs. dogs vs. cats?

A
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32
Q
A

Fibrosis on surface of liver
difference in zonal apperance- bright red from atrophy of cells around portal v. when blood is pooling

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33
Q
A

dark black- around central v. - backflow of blood- pressure on hepatocytes leads to cell death and darkening from blood buildup

nutmeg liver

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34
Q

Describe the changes in the liver d/t R-side HF?

A

dilations of sinusoids

congestion of sinusoids

atrophy of hepatocytes around central veins

35
Q

Sequelae of R-side HF

Which species most likely?

A

ascites

dog

36
Q

Sequelae of R-side HF

Which species most likely?

A

hydrothorax

cat

37
Q

for what disease is this pathognomonic?

A

Cor pulmonale d/t HW w/ endarteritis (arrow)

pathognomonic for HW

38
Q

In developing heart, there are 3 major
arteriovenous communications

A

 Great vessels (Ductus arteriosus)
 Between the atria
 Between the ventricles

39
Q

What structure in the heart has a flap that closes at birth to prevent from L to R shunting?

A

foramen ovale

40
Q

Causes of atrial septal defects

A
41
Q

What happens when there is an atrial septal defect?

A
42
Q

What is the arrow pointing to?

What does the star indicate?

A
43
Q

What three parts of the embryonic heart make up the ventricular septum?

A

 Membranous portion of the septum derived form the endocardial
cushions
 Muscular portion
 Downward growth of the conotruncal ridges

44
Q

Consequences of a VSD?

A
45
Q
A

VSD in membranous portion

46
Q
A

VSD in muscular portion

47
Q

How long does it take DA to close after birth?

A

5 days

>5d = PDA

48
Q
A

PDA

49
Q
A

subendocardial hemorrhage

50
Q
A

subendocardial mineralization

51
Q

valves have large, adhering, friable, yellow-to-
gray masses of fibrin termed vegetations

Microscopically – layers of fibrin, numerous bacteria, leukocytes, granulation tissue

DDX?

A

vegetative endocarditis

52
Q
A

valvular endocarditis

53
Q

A dog presents with this.

A

uremic endocarditis

54
Q

An 8 yr old chihuahua presents with this on the mitral valve. DDx?

A
55
Q

What are the possible sequelae of endocardiosis?

A
56
Q

What is this a possible sequela for?

A

endocardiosis

57
Q

Likely species?

Is this a problem?

A

Hematocysts or lymphocysts
ruminants

no- regress in a couple of months after birth

58
Q

DDX? A lamb presented with this.

A

Vit E and Se def

White muscle dz

59
Q

DDX? Swine

A

mulberry heart disease

60
Q

What is the cause of myocardial necrosis from the brain-heart syndrome?

A

injury to the brain causes

  1. coronary a. spasm
  2. excess catecholamines- free radical damage
61
Q

A cow presented with myocarditis from what type of an infection?

A

C. chauvoei

62
Q

A dog presented with this.

A

myocarditis-Blastomyces dermatitidis

63
Q
A

Myocarditis – canine parvovirus 2

64
Q
A
65
Q

What substances when def could lead to cardiomyopathy?

A

taurine and carnitine

66
Q

A cat presents with the following.

A

HCM

67
Q

A cat presents with heart failure.

A

HCM

fat cardiomyocytes in different directions (not linear) more fibrosis and stiff

68
Q

What is the gross & histo appearance of RCM in cats?

A
69
Q

A cat presents with the following?

A

DCM

70
Q
A

Excessive moderator band

71
Q

What condition does this dog likely have?

A

DCM

subendocardial fibrosis

72
Q

A wooly coat hereford calf presents to you in heart failure.

A

cardiomyopathy (Fibrosis, necrosis, mineralization)

73
Q
A

hydropericardium

74
Q
A

hemopericardium

75
Q
A

serous atrophy of pericardial fat

cachexia

76
Q

foal

DDX? causative agent?

A

Fibrinous pericarditis

mycoplasma felis

77
Q

DDX? causative agent?

It’s from a pig

A

glasser’s dz

fibrinous pericarditis

78
Q

A cow

A

Chronic constrictive pericarditis

79
Q

What primary tumors of the heart in dogs may arise at the heart base?

A

aortic body (chemodectomas) and ectopic thyroid and parathyroid tumors may arise at heart base in dogs

80
Q

DDX?

sequelae?

A

chemodectoma

cor pulmonale

81
Q
A

rhabdomyoma

82
Q

An old dog

A

lymphoma

83
Q
A

Systemic Pathology (8 decks)

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