Endocrine

Question 1

cAMP

Answer 1

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH, hCG, ADH (V2-receptor), MSH, PTH, calcitonin, GHRH, glucagon

“FLAT ChAMP”

Question 2

cGMP

Answer 2

ANP, NO (EDRF)

think vasodilators

Question 3

IP3

Answer 3

GnRH, oxytocin, ADH (V1-receptor), TRH, histamine (H1-receptor), angiotensin II, gastrin

“GOAT HAG”

Question 4

steroid receptor

Answer 4

vitamin D, estrogen, testosterone, T3/T4, cortisol, aldosterone, progesterone

“VETTT CAP”

Question 5

intrinsic tyrosine kinase

Answer 5

insulin, IGF-1, FGF, PDGF, EGF
MAP kinase pathway

think growth factors

Question 6

receptor-associated tyrosine kinase

Answer 6

prolactin, immunomodulators (cytokines: IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IFN), GH
JAK/STAT pathway

think acidophiles and cytokines
“PIG”

Question 7

metformin

Answer 7

• biguanide
• MOA: decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis, improves insulin sensitivity
• SE: GI side effects, increased risk of lactic acidosis when used in renal failure

Question 8

glimepiride
glipizide
glyburide

Answer 8

• sulfonylureas
• MOA: stimulate continuous insulin release from beta cells
• SE: hypoglycemia, weight gain

Question 9

pioglitazone

rosiglitazone

Answer 9

• thiazolidinediones “-glitazone”
• MOA: bind PPAR-gamma receptors, improve insulin sensitivity, decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis
• SE: weight gain, fluid retention, increased risk in CHF, possible hepatotoxicity

Question 10

sitagliptin
alogliptin
saxagliptin
linagliptin

Answer 10

• DPP-4 inhibitor “-gliptin”
• MOA: inhibits DPP-4 which results in increased endogenous GLP-1 (incretin)
• endogenous GLP-1 not as effective as exogenous
• SE: low risk of side effects

Question 11

exenatide
liraglutide
albiglutide
dulaglutide

Answer 11

• GLP-1 agonist “-glutide”
• MOA: mimic incretin hormone GLP-1–> decreases glucagon, increases insulin secretion, delays gastric emptying (reduces appetite–> weight loss)
• weekly injection
• SE: GI side effects (nausea)

Question 12

dapagliflozin
empagliflozin
canagliflozin

Answer 12

• SGLT-2 inhibitors “-flozin”
• MOA: inhibit Na+ glucose linked transporter in kidney (more glucose loss in urine)
• SE: risk w/ kidney dysfunction, UTIs, mycotic infections, dehydration, polyuria, possible DKA