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Medical Block > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Hormones greek origin

A

“To set in motion”

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2
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Coordinating center

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3
Q

Hypothalamus makes

A

releasing hormones, which are sent to the anterior pituitary releases its stored trophic hormones into the systemic circulation. They tell other endocrine organs in the body to grow and secrete their hormones.

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4
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A 
FSH Follicle-stimulating hormone (testes-testosterone)
Lutenizing Hormone (ovaries- estrogen, progesterone)
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5
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

ADH Antidiuretic Hormone (vasopressen)

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6
Q

Islets of langerhans produces what?

A

Insulin, glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide

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7
Q

Alpha cells

A

Secrete glucagon

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8
Q

Beta cells

A

Secrete insulin

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9
Q

Delta cells

A

Somatostatin

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10
Q

glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen stores, in the liver and muscle tissue, into glucose

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11
Q

DKA liver catabolizes fatty acids to produce what 3 keytone bodies

A

Acetoacetic acid
Acetone
Beta-hydroxybutyric acid

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12
Q

Hypothyroid medications

A

Used to lose weight

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13
Q

Medications for diabetes oral

A

Actos, glucophage (metformin),

Sulfonylureas- increase Beta cells to inc insulin (type 2)
First generation- chlorpropamide
Second generation- Glyburide

Alpha-glucasidase inhibitors- (alpha=glucagon) delay the absorption of glucose

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14
Q

How many deaths are contributed to diabetes per year?

A

234,000

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15
Q

Complications of diabetes?

side effects

A 
Heart Disease and Stroke
High Blood Pressure
Blindness
Kidney Disease
Nervous System Damage
Amputations
Dental Disease
Pregnancy Complications
Sexual Dysfunction
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16
Q

Endocrine

A

Secretes hormones directly into the circulation

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17
Q

Exocrine

A

Through ducts

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18
Q

Hormone concentration over time. How is it released?

A

Released in cyclic pulses

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19
Q

8 endocrine glands/organs?

A 
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Thymus
Pancreas
Adrenal
Gonads
20
Q

Goal of endocrine system

A

Always homeostasis

21
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Secretes Melatonin
Plays a role in sleep, aging, and reproduction.
May affect mood - SAD

22
Q

Graves disease

A

Most common form of hyperthyroidism causing immune system to attack the thyroid gland

23
Q

Hyperthyroidism does what to the metabolic rate?

A

Increases metabolic rate

24
Q

S/S of hyperthyroid

A 
Rapid HR
Anxiety
Difficulty sleeping
Vision impairment
Sweating
Muscle weakness
Weightloss
25
Q

Thyrotoxic Crisis AKA

A

Thyroid storm (fatal in 48hrs)

26
Q

S/S or Thyrotoxic Crisis

A 
Hyperthermia
Delirium, coma
Tachycardia,
Hypotension
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Irritability
27
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Fails to produce or secrete as much thyroxine (T4)

28
Q

Thyroxine (T4) regulates

A

heart rate, digestion, physical growth, and mental development (an insufficient supply of this hormone can slow life-sustaining processes, damage organs and tissues in every part of the body, and lead to life-threatening complications.)

29
Q

Hypothyroidism does what to the skin?

A

Causes accumulation of mucinous material in the skin resulting in thickening and coarsening of the skins
-Includes heart and internal organs

30
Q

Parathyroid Glands

A

Small glands on the posterior later surface of the thyroid gland

31
Q

Thymus gland

A

T lymphocytes mature here

32
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A

“Grave muscle weakness”

33
Q

Pancreas exocrine function

A

Acini glands that produce pancreatic juice

Duct system that carries pancreatic juices to small intestine

34
Q

Pancreas Endocrine functions

A 
Pancreatic islets (Islets of Langerhans) that produce hormones
Hormones are not released unless there is sugar in the blood….produced as demand is made
35
Q

Type II diabetes

A

decreased sensitivity

36
Q

What forms Glycosurea?

A

Increase sugar in the kidney draws water from the bloodstream and pee out glucose

37
Q

Diabetes II Coma

A

Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Coma

38
Q

Adrenal disorders

A

Cushing’s syndrome

Addison’s Disease

39
Q

Adrenal Medula secretes?

A

Secretes Epi and Norepi

40
Q

Adrenal Cortex function and secretes?

A

Endocrine only

Secretes Aldosterone and Androgenic hormones

41
Q

Cortisol positive effects

A

A quick burst of energy for survival reasons
Heightened memory functions
Lower sensitivity to pain
Helps maintain homeostasis in the body

42
Q

Cortisol negative effects

A

Impaired cognitive performance
Suppressed thyroid function
Blood sugar imbalances such as hyperglycemia
Decreased bone density
Decrease in muscle tissue
Hypertension
Lowered Immune and inflammatory responses causing lowed wound healing, and other health consequences
Increased abdominal fat, associated with MI & CVA
The development of higher levels of “bad” cholesterol (LDL) and lower levels of “good” cholesterol (HDL), which can lead to other health problems!

43
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

abnormally high circulating cortisol

44
Q

Addison’s disease

A

Atrophy of the adrenal cortex and minimal production of hormones, aldosterone and adrogenic hormones

45
Q

Addisonian Crisis S/S

A

Profound hypotension

EKG disturbances - Hyperkalemia

Medical Block (20 decks)

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