A&P of cardiovascular system Flashcards
Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium
Endo-surrounds the heart(inner)
Myo-muscle (middle layer)
Epi-outer cardial layer
Endocarditis
Infection of the heart caused by a bacteria, usually strep (effects valves of the heart) (vegitation on the valve)
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium
Pinpoint, sharp, chest pain
Myocarditis
Inflammation of the heart caused by viral infection. If left untreated, heart failure.
Bicuspid
Mitral valve (Left) AV valve
Semilunar valve
Pulmonary and Aortic Valve
Tricuspid
Right AV valve
Stenosis
Hardening and narrowing
Coronary perfuses during
Diastole
Papilary muscles
muscles inside the chambers of the heart
Chordae Tendineae
Tendens of the coronary valves
Anastomoses
Collateral Circulation (branch off above the blockage)
ANP
(atrial natriuretic peptide)
Produced, stored and released in atria
Responds to atrial distention and sympathetic stimulation
BNP
(brain natriuretic peptide)
Produced, stored and released in ventricular muscle and also the brain
Responds to ventricular dilation and sympathetic stimulation
angiotensin II
Potent Vasoconstrictor
converted from angiotensin I
Sympathetic nerves
intervate the entire heart
Parasympathetic nerves
Only intervate the atria
Parasympathetic control of HR
Atria
Slows HR
Sympathetic control of HR
Atria & Ventricles
Adrenals
Increases Heart Rate
Cardiac Cycle
Diastole – Resting Phase of L Ventricle
Systole
Ejection Fraction - % of blood ejected from L Ventricle (55-70%)
Stroke Volume – Amt of blood discharged from heart
Preload – Amt of blood enters heart
Cardiac Contractility – How hard heart contracts
Afterload – Amount of blood that leaves the L Ventricle
Cardiac Output – Heart Rate x Stroke Volume, based per minute.
How can we improve stroke volume?
Increase HR, Increase Contractility and change amout of fluid entering and exiting heart
How does calcium effect the heart?
Contractility
Starling law
The Greater the stretch, the greater the fill, the greater the contraction (within reason) – You need to make sure the patient’s heart can take the greater fill, (can be done via meds) because if it cannot, you can injure the heart.
Cardiac muscles (atrial)
Atrial- SA Node 60-100
Cardiac Muscle (ventricular)
AV Junction 40-60
Cardiac Muscle Excitatory and conductive fibers
Intercalated discs (400x faster) Syncytium
Cardiac Muscle Atrioventricular Bundle
Bundle of HIS
Syncytium
Atrial or Ventricular
ALL OR NONE
Excitability
Waiting to respond
Conductivity
propagate impulse, pass it on
Automaticity
self-depolarization All cardiac cells have
Contractility
contract or shorten the level of contraction
Rhythmicity
Ability to beat in a regular, rhythmic fashion
2 types of cardiac cells
Mechanical- Contraction and relaxation: have the ability to pace but usually will not
Pacemaker- Depolarization and repolarization
Cardiac Cycle
End of one heartbeat to the end of the next heart beat
S1
AV Valves Closing during ventricular systole, “lubb”
S2
semilunar valves closing at the beginning of ventricular diastole, “dubb”
S3
heard after S2, may indicate heart failure
S4
heard late in diastole just before S1, may be heard in patients with CHF.
Tunica Intima
Tunica Media
Tunica Adventitia
Tunica Intima innermost epithelial layer Tunica Media middle smooth muscle layer Tunica Adventitia outermost connective tissue layer
Baroreceptors
Blood pressure
Aortic arch and Carotid bodies
