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Medical Block > A&P of cardiovascular system > Flashcards

A&P of cardiovascular system Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium

A

Endo-surrounds the heart(inner)
Myo-muscle (middle layer)
Epi-outer cardial layer

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2
Q

Endocarditis

A

Infection of the heart caused by a bacteria, usually strep (effects valves of the heart) (vegitation on the valve)

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3
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the pericardium

Pinpoint, sharp, chest pain

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4
Q

Myocarditis

A

Inflammation of the heart caused by viral infection. If left untreated, heart failure.

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5
Q

Bicuspid

A 
Mitral valve (Left)
AV valve
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6
Q

Semilunar valve

A

Pulmonary and Aortic Valve

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7
Q

Tricuspid

A

Right AV valve

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8
Q

Stenosis

A

Hardening and narrowing

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9
Q

Coronary perfuses during

A

Diastole

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10
Q

Papilary muscles

A

muscles inside the chambers of the heart

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11
Q

Chordae Tendineae

A

Tendens of the coronary valves

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12
Q

Anastomoses

A

Collateral Circulation (branch off above the blockage)

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13
Q

ANP

A

(atrial natriuretic peptide)
Produced, stored and released in atria
Responds to atrial distention and sympathetic stimulation

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14
Q

BNP

A

(brain natriuretic peptide)
Produced, stored and released in ventricular muscle and also the brain
Responds to ventricular dilation and sympathetic stimulation

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15
Q

angiotensin II

A

Potent Vasoconstrictor

converted from angiotensin I

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16
Q

Sympathetic nerves

A

intervate the entire heart

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17
Q

Parasympathetic nerves

A

Only intervate the atria

18
Q

Parasympathetic control of HR

A

Atria

Slows HR

19
Q

Sympathetic control of HR

A

Atria & Ventricles
Adrenals
Increases Heart Rate

20
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

Diastole – Resting Phase of L Ventricle
Systole
Ejection Fraction - % of blood ejected from L Ventricle (55-70%)
Stroke Volume – Amt of blood discharged from heart
Preload – Amt of blood enters heart
Cardiac Contractility – How hard heart contracts
Afterload – Amount of blood that leaves the L Ventricle
Cardiac Output – Heart Rate x Stroke Volume, based per minute.

21
Q

How can we improve stroke volume?

A

Increase HR, Increase Contractility and change amout of fluid entering and exiting heart

22
Q

How does calcium effect the heart?

A

Contractility

23
Q

Starling law

A

The Greater the stretch, the greater the fill, the greater the contraction (within reason) – You need to make sure the patient’s heart can take the greater fill, (can be done via meds) because if it cannot, you can injure the heart.

24
Q

Cardiac muscles (atrial)

A

Atrial- SA Node 60-100

25
Q

Cardiac Muscle (ventricular)

A

AV Junction 40-60

26
Q

Cardiac Muscle Excitatory and conductive fibers

A 
Intercalated discs (400x faster)
Syncytium
27
Q

Cardiac Muscle Atrioventricular Bundle

A

Bundle of HIS

28
Q

Syncytium

A

Atrial or Ventricular

ALL OR NONE

29
Q

Excitability

A

Waiting to respond

30
Q

Conductivity

A

propagate impulse, pass it on

31
Q

Automaticity

A

self-depolarization All cardiac cells have

32
Q

Contractility

A

contract or shorten the level of contraction

33
Q

Rhythmicity

A

Ability to beat in a regular, rhythmic fashion

34
Q

2 types of cardiac cells

A

Mechanical- Contraction and relaxation: have the ability to pace but usually will not

Pacemaker- Depolarization and repolarization

35
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

End of one heartbeat to the end of the next heart beat

36
Q

S1

A

AV Valves Closing during ventricular systole, “lubb”

37
Q

S2

A

semilunar valves closing at the beginning of ventricular diastole, “dubb”

38
Q

S3

A

heard after S2, may indicate heart failure

39
Q

S4

A

heard late in diastole just before S1, may be heard in patients with CHF.

40
Q

Tunica Intima
Tunica Media
Tunica Adventitia

A 
Tunica Intima
innermost epithelial layer
Tunica Media
middle smooth muscle layer
Tunica Adventitia
outermost connective tissue layer
41
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Blood pressure

Aortic arch and Carotid bodies

Medical Block (20 decks)

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