ENDOCRINE Flashcards
EXOCRINE & ENDOCRINE GLANDS
Both are derived from ____________, their cells will proliferate
and later become Exocrine or Endocrine
lining epithelia
– if the cells will mature to become a gland that is
still continuous with the Epithelium
EXOCRINE
how EXOCRINE release their secretions,
answer is through their __
ducts
they totally detach from their epithelium
ENDOCRINE
They are interspersed with blood vessels
ENDOCRINE
They release their secretion directly to the
BLOODSTREAM
And anything released to the blood is called a
HORMONE
with receptors to the hormone, thus
responds to the hormone
TARGET CELL
CLASSIFICATION OF HORMONES
proteins
steroids
amines
o Generally hydrophilic
o Do not require transport proteins in the blood
PROTEINS OR PEPTIDES (3-49 amino acids)
Hormones derived from cholesterol
STEROIDS
STEROIDS is_____ thus require transport proteins
Hydrophobic
hormones derived from a SINGLE amino acid
TYROSINE
AMINES
glands and cells of protein or peptide hormones
o Beta cells of pancreas
o Hypophysis
o Thyroid gland
o Parathyroid gland
glands and cells of steroid hormones
TESTES will CORner the OVARY:
o Ovary
o Testes
o Adrenal cortex
Hormone from Testes –
Testosterone
Hormone from Ovary –
Estrogen and
Progesterone
Adrenal CORtex –
Cortisol,
Aldosterone,
Androgen
glands that produce amine hormones
Thyroid Gland
Adrenal Medulla
Small ovoid organ
PITUITARY GLAND (HYPOPHYSIS)
PITUITARY GLAND (HYPOPHYSIS) Located in the base of the brain, within the cavity of the
sphenoid bone called
SELLA TURCICA
where the right and left optic nerves
merge
OPTIC CHIASM
– the gland found above the hypophysis
Hypothalamus
structure that
links pituitary gland to hypothalamus
“hug”
Infundibulum (Pituitary Stalk)
Hypothalamus Found superior because it controls the _______
pituitary
Why are there 2 pituitary glands (anterior and posterior)?
Because they originate from different structures
Early in gestation, a finger of ectoderm grows upward from
the roof of the mouth
Rathke’s pouch
At the same time that the Rathke’s pouch is developing,
another finer of ectodermal tissue (neurohypophysis) evaginates from the
________
developing brain
Neurons of the dorsal medial, ventral vedial and infundibular nuclei are ______because they
don’t have any direct control as they originate
from the mouth
short
Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei from the _______,
reaches the posterior pituitary
hypothalamus
Hypothalamus has two important secretory nuclei
(Hypothalamic Hypophyseal Tract)
Supraoptic Nuclei
Paraventricular Nuclei
above optic chiasm
▪ Produces ADH
Supraoptic Nuclei
– found beside 3rd cerebral
ventricle
▪ Produces Oxytocin
Paraventricular Nuclei –
ADH and OXYTOCIN are transported through the axons and
are only _____ in the neurohypophysis
STORED
If iask what produces oxytocin / ADH, the answer
is ____________!
Hypothalamus
HORMONES OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
- Growth Hormone (GH)
- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
- Luteinizing Hormones (LSH)
- Prolactin (PRL)
cells that release gorwth hormone
somatotrophs
cells that release Luteinizing Hormone and Follicle Stimulating hormone
gonadotrophs
cells that inhibit the prolactin (unless the prolactin inhibiting hormone was not produced)
lactotrophs or mammotrophs
cells that release the thyroid hormone
thyrotrophs
cells that release the adrenocorticotropic hormone
corticotrophs
Based on the table, siya lang may inhibiting hormone.
Why?
If walang anak ang female, milk production should
be inhibited
2 stimuli to start producing prolactin
o Hearing the baby cry
o Baby suckling
o Irregular cords / clusters of glandular cells
o Classified according to their affinity or lack of
affinity for dyes
Pars distalis (anterior lobe)
Pars distalis (anterior lobe) major portion about ___%
75
lack of affinity or affinity for dyes ang pars distalis or adenohypophysis or anterior pituitary glands because of?
chromophilic and chromophobic cells
believed to be partially
degranulated acidophils or basophils or stem cells
Chromophobic:
Most abundant chromophilic cells
acidophils are either GH or PRL
a collar of tissue that usually surrounds the
infundibular stalk
Pars tuberalis
Pars tuberalis contains cords of the epithelial cells and is filled
with ___________
hypophyseal portal vessels
Pars tuberalis contain what cells
Contains gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs
Pars intermedia - a ______ band that separates the
adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis (with fluid filled
____)
narrow; cyst
remainders of the Rathke’s pouch
Cysts
Pars intermedia _____ developed in humans
Poorly
Pars intermedia Contains large pale cells that often surround
follicles filled with ill-defined “_______”
colloid
cells of anterior pituitary lobe and their affinity for dyes
Somatotrophs (acidophilic)
Mammotrophs (acidophilic)
Thyrotrophs
(Basophilic)
Gonadotrophs
(Basophilic)
Corticotrophs
(Basophilic)
what’s the most abundant cell in the Pars
Distalis =
Somatotrophs
Posterior lobe – aka
Pars Nervosa or Neurophyophysis
Axons with terminal swellings / dilated parts
called neurosecretory (Herring) bodies where
hormones are released upon neural stimulation
Neural tissue
Neural tissue supported by _________ (resemble astrocytes)
pituicytes
for dehydration, low blood
pressure
Antidiuretic Hormone
assist in child delivery by stimulating uterine
contraction
Oxytocin
THYROID GLAND Located in the ______ region anterior to the _____
cervical; larynx
THYROID GLAND Consists of 2 lateral lobes connected by a narrow _________
isthmus
THYROID GLAND Covered by a ______ capsule
fibrous
THYROID GLAND Composed of __________ microscopic thyroid follicles
20-30 million
cells of thyroid
follicular cells/thyrocytes
FOLLICULAR CELLS / THYROCYTES is __________
epithelium that lines the follicles
simple cuboidal
FOLLICULAR CELLS / THYROCYTES Produces
T3 & T4
gelatinous substance contained in the lumen of
follicular cells
COLLOID
It is in the colloid where _______ is produced (rich in
tyrosine molecules) and T3 and T4 are _______
thyroglobulin; stored
cells that are found outside the
follicle
PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS
PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS Synthesize ______
o Also known as C cells
Calcitonin
Hypothyroidism (___ cells)
flat
Hyperthyroidism (_______)
columnar
Increase the metabolic rate of the body
T3 & T4
T3 & T4 Promote ___maturation
brain
T3 & T4 Enhance _______ growth
somatic
Patients with Hyperthyroidism cannot
tolerate heat because they have high
______ production in their bodies
heat
Congenital hypothyroidism – detected
by __________
newborn screening
Lowers concentration of calcium in the blood
CALCITONIN
CALCITONIN
o Calcium in diet is not _________
o Calcium in urine is not _________ and instead
excreted
o Calcium is deposited to the ____ instead of being
broken down to transfer calcium there instead of
the blood
absorbed; reabsorbed; bone
4 small ovoid bodies
Parathyroid Gland
Parathyroid Gland located at the ________ surface of the
thyroid glands
posterior
2 types of epithelial cells of parathyroid gland
Chief cells
Oxyphil cells
produces parathyroid hormone
Chief cells
increased in number in adults; Minimal hormone synthesis
Oxyphil cells
affinity for dyes of chief cells and oxyphil cells
Chief cells: basophilic
Oxyphil cells: acidophilic
PARATHYROID HORMONE
o Performs opposite roles from ________
o Increases blood ________
calcitonin; calcium
