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Year 2 Met > endocrine > Flashcards

endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

what runs THROUGH the cavernous sinus

A

CN6 and ICA

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2
Q

Where is pancreas transplanted and why

A

Iliac vessels good blood supply

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3
Q

Eye symptoms of pituitary tumour

A

Progressive ophthalmoplegia
Loss of vision

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4
Q

Pituitary gland hangs down from

A

Hypothalamus

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5
Q

Posterior lobe of pituitary gland secreted

A

Adh oxytocin

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6
Q

Superior hypophyseal artery goes to and do what

A

Efferent hypophyseal veins to anterior pituitary to take hormones to secrete other hormones

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7
Q

Cavernous sinus contents

A

Three four v2,3 six inside, ica

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8
Q

ACTH produces what

A

Cortisol

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9
Q

Cushings is

A

Too much ACTH

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10
Q

Posterior pituitary way of working

A

Neuronal - neurosecretory

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11
Q

Anterior pituitary way of working

A

Blood

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12
Q

Two bits of adrenal glands

A

Cortex and medulla

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13
Q

Androgens secreted where

A

Reticularis of adrenal cortex

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14
Q

Glucocorticoid (cortisol) secreted where

A

Fasciculata of adrenal cortex

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15
Q

Aldosterone secreted where

A

Glomerulosa of adrenal cortex

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16
Q

Right suprarenal vein drains into
Left drains into

A

Ivc
left renal vein

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17
Q

Where does thyroid develop

A

Posterior of tongue

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18
Q

Thyroid bits, how many?

A

4
Right and left lobes
Isthmus
Pyramidal lobe

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19
Q

Superior thyroid artery comes from

A

External carotid

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20
Q

What is behind the thyroid glands

A

Parathyroid hormone

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21
Q

Danger surgery thyroid

A

Recurrent laryngeal (runs behind thyroid),
Parathyroid
Thyroid ima artery

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22
Q

Transverse pancreatic comes from

A

Splenic artery

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23
Q

Inferior pancreaticoduodenal comes off

A

Sma

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24
Q

Accessory pancreatic duct drains

A

Ulcinate process

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25
Q

what runs through the wall of the cavernous sinus

A

CN3,4,V1,V2

NOT CN2 or V3

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26
Q

which CN is most likely to be affected first by a cavernous ICA aneurysm?

A
  1. it’s the nearest one to it
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27
Q

this is the sella turcica
what bone and what are the four little corners called and what attaches to thwm

A

sphenoid
clinoid processes
dura

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28
Q

tghis is the back of the sphenoid. what is this part called and where does it slope towards

A

Clivus
towards foramen magnum

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29
Q

bitemporal hemianopia suggests…because…

A

pituitary gland tumour… optic chiasm is directily superior to the pituitary gland

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30
Q

what is pituitary gland called in doctor

A

hypophysis

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31
Q

anterior pituitary secretes

A

ACTH, FH, GH, LH, TSH and prolactin

A particularly good looking front testicle

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32
Q

intermediate lobe pituitary secretes

A

melanocyte stimulating hormone

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33
Q

what is in charge of the pituitary

A

hypothalamus

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34
Q
A

A pineal gland
B interthalamic adhesion
C hypothalamus
D infundibulum
E sphenoid bone

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35
Q

how to access pituitary gland in surgery

A

drill through sphenoid

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36
Q
A

A sternothyroid
Bthyrohyoid
C digastric
D sternohyoid
E sup belly of omohyoid
F inf belly of omohyoid

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37
Q

what is this and what is it a branch of

A

sup thyroid artery, branch of ECA

38
Q

adrenals exocrine or endocrine

A

endocrine

39
Q

shape of right and left adrenal glands

A

pyramid and crescent (same shape as spleen)

40
Q

right sided HF -> liver problems

A

“nutmeg liver” speckled because of congestive hepatopathy

41
Q
A

dilated IVC - suggestive of congested hepatopathy

42
Q

ant and post pituitary lobes doctor name

A

adeno and neuro-hypophysis

43
Q

cell bodies in which nucleus ADH manufacture

A

supraoptic

44
Q

cell bodies in which nuclei oxytocin

A

paraventricular

45
Q

link which hormone to Cushing’s

A

ACTH+++ causes too much cortisol

46
Q

where are adrenalin and noradrenalin secreted

A

adrenal medulla

47
Q

cortisol is released in response to (2)

A

stress and low blood sugar

48
Q

what does cortisol do? (3)

A

increase blood sugar - gluconeogenesis

suppress immune system

decrease bone formation

49
Q

thyroid spinal level

A

C5-T1

50
Q

what is this, how many ppl have it

A

thyroid ima artery 10%

51
Q

pancreas what exocrine what endocrine

A

ex - digestive enzymes
end - insulin and glucagon

52
Q

inferior pancreaticoduodenal comes off

A

SMA

53
Q

where are Central Pattern Generators and what do they do? Where are they

A

CPGs are neuronal circuits that when activated, produce rhythmic motor patterns (e.g. walking, breathing, swimming) in absence of inputs that carry timing information
in ventrolateral reticular formation

54
Q

what is the major controller of vomiting

A

nucleus of the solitary tract

55
Q

3 basic things are directed by the NTS for induction of vomiting. which nuclei control them and what are they

A

larynx closing
respiratory changes
digestive tract changes

nucleus ambiguus
Ventral Respiratory Group
dorsal motor nucleaus of vagus

56
Q

hypo or hypercalcaemia worse for you

A

hypocalcaemia

57
Q

what is serum calcium bound to? how much

A

40% albumin, 10% globulin

58
Q

what is the connection between serum H+ and serum Ca?

A

bind to the same sites on albumin
if alkalosis, H+ will be freed so more Ca will bind leading to hypocalcaemia

59
Q

what can low calcium lead to

A

too much neural conduction
tetany
tachyarrhythmias

60
Q

pth effects on ca vs phosphate in bone gut kidney

A

liberates both from bone
increases absorption of both at gut
increases resorption of Ca BUT ni creases excretion of Po4 at kidney

61
Q

what sort of hormone is pth

A

peptide 84 AAs

62
Q

what stimulates pth…how?

A

low serum Ca via reduced CaSR stimulation

63
Q

what happens to pth in very high serum calcium

A

it is not fully suppressed

64
Q

what is the funny thing about Mg and CaSR

A

slightly low Mg decreases CaSR stimulation so more pth is produces but severely low Mg leads to pth block -> hypocalcemia

65
Q

Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia?

A

loss of function CaSR mutation
CaSR in brain doesn’t feel hypercalcemia so more Ca is liberated
CaSR in kidney doesn’t feel hypercalcemia so Ca is not excreted (is reabsorbed)

66
Q

what is cinacalcet

A

pretend calcium, used to lower pth levels in hyperparathyroidism

67
Q

loop vs thiazide diuretics effect on Ca

A

loop loses calcium at thick ascending limb
thiazide increases reabsorption in the distal tubules

68
Q

which enzyme activates vitamin D

A

1-alpha hydroxylase

69
Q

what is the formula for calcitriol

A

1,25(OH)D3

70
Q

when does vit D negative feedback go wrong

A

In the macrophage fighting off a tuberculosis
bacillus, however, there is positive feedback. Production of very high levels of vitamin D
from activated macrophages in granulomatous diseases (TB, sarcoid) can lead to serum
hypercalcemia.

71
Q

what does vit d deficiency cause in bone
what does parathyroid ++ cause in bone

A

osteomalacia/ricketts

osteoporosis

72
Q

medullary thyroid cancer blood marker

A

raised calcitonin

73
Q

hyperalcemia of malignancy modulator

A

PTHrP (parathyroid related peptide) which is basiclaly pretend parathyroid hormone

74
Q

kidney consequences of hypercalcemia

A

kidney stones
nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

75
Q

two main causes of hypercalcaemia

A

++pth or malignancy

76
Q

why hypercalcemia in cancer if not pth secreting tumour

A

bone mets

77
Q

primary hyperparathyroid

A

single tumour

78
Q

secondary hyperparathyroid

A

normal response to low calcium eg renal failure

79
Q

3ary hyperparathyroid

A

mets, parathyroid hyperplasia

80
Q

what happens in the adrenal medulla when cortisol flows through

A

PNMT enzyme is upregulated -> noradrenaline is converted to adrenaline

81
Q

3 stressors dealt with by the adrenals

A

starvation
sepsis
blood loss

82
Q

ZG cells respond to

A

angiotensin II and K+

83
Q

ZG produces

A

aldosterone

84
Q

which enzyme converts cortisol to cortisone

A

11bHSD-2

85
Q

which enzyme is inactivated by liquorice and what can happen

A

11bHSD-2, apparent mineralocorticoid (cortisol) excess

86
Q

where are pheochromocytomas

A

chromaffin cells

87
Q

what are chromaffin tumours not in the adrenals called

A

Paragangliomas

88
Q
A
89
Q

Drug for acromegaly gh receptor blocker

A

Pegvisomant - gh receptor blocker
Ocreotide - somastatin analogue
Bromocriptine - dopamine analogue

90
Q

link between lithium and DI

A

lithium is nephrotoxic and can cause nephrogenic DI

91
Q
A

Year 2 Met (17 decks)

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