diabetes

Question 1

two aspects of DM type 2

Answer 1

decreased reaction to insulin
islet beta cell dysfunction

Question 2

is there a genetic component to type 2 DM

Answer 2

yes

Question 3

what do you get first when insulin resistance develops

Answer 3

beta cells compensate leading to hyperinsulinemia

Question 4

what is the problme with free fatty acids

Answer 4

lipotoxiticy kills beta cells -> apoptosis

Question 5

what is MODY

Answer 5

maturity onset diabetes of the young - single gene mutation diabetes

Question 6

how frequent is MODY

Answer 6

up to 5%

Question 7

how prevalent is gestational diabetes

Answer 7

20%

Question 8

which test for gestational dm

Answer 8

oral glucose tolerance test

Question 9

mech of action - metformin

Answer 9

inhibits gluconeogenesis and decreases insulin resistance, glucose take-up by skeletal muscles improved

Question 10

Sulfonylureas and prandial glucose regulators mechanism of action

Answer 10

close potassium channels to increase insulin secretions

Question 11

side effect of Sulfonylureas and prandial glucose regulators

Answer 11

hypoglycemia

Question 12

names of DPP4 inhibitirs

Answer 12

–gliptin eg linagliptin

Question 13

main fuel in longterm fasting

Answer 13

ketones

Question 14

what causes damage in DM

Answer 14

glucose toxicity and lipotoxicity

Question 15

proliferative vs non-proliferative retinopathy in DM

Answer 15

Question 16

% of DM pts with nephropathy

Answer 16

40%

Question 17

how does diabetes lead to hypoglycemia

Answer 17

unopposed glucagon takes glucose out of blood and promotes glycogen synthesis

Question 18

why does the body produce ketones in DM

Answer 18

thinks it is in starvation state because no insulin

Question 19

how does hypertriglyceridemia cause insulin resistance

Answer 19

the non-used by the mitochondria fats stop the activated insulin receptor being able to transport the GLUT4 protein to the membrane

Question 20

where does direct hernia travel

Answer 20

transversalis fascia (which makes up the posterior wall of the inguinal canal) and the superficial ring.

Question 21

what does helicobacter pylori secrete to help it survive

Answer 21

urease

Question 22

what do chief cells secret

Answer 22

pepsinogen

Question 23

what do parietal cells secrete

Answer 23

HCl and intrinsic factro