endocrin

Question 1

A patient presents with a history of weakness, collapse and seizures What is the top endocrine differencial

Answer 1

hypoglycemia

Question 2

Hypoglycemia with concurrent leukopenia is suggested of what top differential

Answer 2

sepsis

Question 3

when monitoring urine with keto/glucose sticks what levels are considered normal in diabetic animal

Answer 3

Ketones: negative or less than 2 Glucose 250-1000, occasional negatives with no clinical signs OK

Question 4

inappropriate insulin overproduction does what to blood glucose levels

Answer 4

decreases blood glucose- hypoglycemia

Question 5

Hypoglycemia with concurrent hypercholesterolemia, decreased BUN and cholesterol is suggested of what top differential

Answer 5

Liver atrophy or failure

Question 6

What is the insulin counterregulatory action of glucagon

Answer 6

catabolic- stimulates the liver to produce more glucose. Overall increases blood glucose

Question 7

Where is glucose made

Answer 7

Liver and kidney

Question 8

What are th CATS of hypoglycemia

Answer 8

C- convolsions A- arrhythmeia T- tetany S- Spasms and Stridor

Question 9

What is the pancreatic response to decreased blood glucose

Answer 9

The pancreas releases glucagon, and stops releasing insulin

Question 10

T/F Vomiting, Pu/Pd can be symptoms of hypoglycemia

Answer 10

T- neurologic signs would be expected first

Question 11

An owner checks their dog’s glucose and finds it is above 300. They want to know if you’ve calculated the wrong dose. Do you advise to give another dose of insulin?

Answer 11

No, you cannot trust a high spot blood glucose. Advise to retest.

Question 12

What is somogyi

Answer 12

a phenomone of insulin overdose. A rebound hyperglycemia caused by overstimulation of the counterregulatory hormones (cortisol, glycogen, catecholamines and growth Hormone)

Question 13

An owner’s pet was just diagnosed as being diabetic. They had a cousin that was diabetic who needed a leg amputated and they are concerned about their pet. What do you advise treatment,

Answer 13

Develope of neuropathy, retinopathy and vasculopathy not typically seen in animals

Question 14

what are the layers of the adrenal gland

Answer 14

in the cortex- glomerulus controls minerals fasiculata controls glucose reticulart controls sex hormones and glucose the medulla controls catecholamines (epi, norepi)

Question 15

What are the counterregulatory hormones released in the presence of hypoglycemia

Answer 15

the anti-hypoglycemia hormones are cortisol, Growth Hormone, catecholamines and glucagon

Question 16

What is the normal pancreatic response to elevated blood glucose

Answer 16

The pancreas secretes Insulin

Question 17

What is the insulin counterregulatory action of catecholamines

Answer 17

stimulates lipase to release fatty acids stimulates glycogenolysis (potently!) Overall it increases blood glucose

Question 18

What are the reasons of Hypercalcemia

Answer 18

Hogs in Yard H- hyperparathyroidism O- osteolysis G- granulomatous disease S- spurious I- iatrogenic, idiopathic(cats) N- neoplasia A- addison’s, acidemia Y- youth R- renal disease D- vitamin D toxicosis

Question 19

An owner calls the clinic and describes their cat with signs of shaking, collapse, seizures and a history of vomiting. Should you advise to give it insulin?

Answer 19

NO INSULIN give sugar, and bring to hospital

Question 20

Hypoglycemia with concurrent hypocholesterolemia is suggested of what 2 top differentials

Answer 20

Hepatic Disease, Addison’s disease

Question 21

What is the insulin counterregulatory action of growth hormone

Answer 21

decreases cellular utilization of glucose and increases fat utilization insead. Overall changes fuel source for most cells

Question 22

What blood glucose levels define hypoglycemia, and at what level are clinical signs seen

Answer 22

hypoglycemia defined by blood glucose levels of less than 70-80. Clinical signs at less than 50

Question 23

Hypoglycemia with concurent high insulin indicates what disease

Answer 23

Hypoglycemia with normal or high insulin is diagnostic of INSULINOMA. Hypoglycemia should result in low insulin levels!!!

Question 24

What is the treatment for hypoglycemic crisis

Answer 24

50% dextrose diluted 1:1 (25%) with 0.9% NaCl - 1ml/kg

Question 25

What is the insulin counterregulatory action of glucosteroids

Answer 25

decreases cellular utilization of glucose and increases fat utilization insead. Overall changes fuel source for most cells

Question 26

hypoadrenocorticism is also called

Answer 26

Adisons

Question 27

Adisons disease is also known as

Answer 27

hypoadrenocorticism

Question 28

cushings is also know as

Answer 28

hyperadrenocorticism

Question 29

the disease associated with tumors of the adrenal gland medula is called

Answer 29

pheochromocytoma

Question 30

T/F Fructosamine will be low in cases of insulin overdose

Answer 30

F, it can be low or high

Question 31

A sick patient with hypoglycemia with concurrent hypercholesterolemia and normal leukocyte count is suggested of what top differential

Answer 31

Addisons- A sick animal should have a stress leukogram, but with Addison’s, no cortisol to stimulate the normal responce

Question 32

hyperadtenocorticism is aksi known as

Answer 32

cushings

Question 33

What are the insulin counterregulatory hormones

Answer 33

catecholamines, glucocorticoids, growth hormones, glucagon

Question 34

T/F Development of vasculopathy and proteinuria is rarely seen in diabetic animals

Answer 34

False vasculopathy isn’t usually seen in animals, but proteinuria is and can be substantial!

Question 35

What is the benefit of treating hypoglycemic seizures with Keppra instead of diazepam

Answer 35

Keppra does not require liver, while diazepam does.

Question 36

what clinical signs would cause you to susspect Adisons disease

Answer 36

Hypoglycemia with concurrent hypocholesterolemia