Endo - pituitary/adrenal

Question 1

pituitary gets bigger when?

Answer 1

multiparous women

Question 2

pituitary location

Answer 2

base of brain in a depression of the sella tunica

Question 3

AP derivation

Answer 3

envagination of ectoderm of oropharynx up towards brain

–> Rathke’s pouch

Question 4

PP derivation

Answer 4

downgrowth of neuroectoderm

–> infandibulum, near floor of 3rd ventricle

Question 5

oropharynx ectoderm becomes

Answer 5

pars distalis
pars intermedia
pars tuberalis

Question 6

neuroectoderm becomes

Answer 6

posterior lobe and infandibulum

Question 7

portal system

Answer 7

caps from superior hypophyseal arteries

–> portal veins carry from median eminence and infundibulum to pars distalis

Question 8

arterial supplies to pituitary

Answer 8

PP: arterial supply
AP: no direct arterial
inf hypophyseal arteries: pars nervosa
sup hypophyseal arteries: pars tuberalis, median eminence, infundibulum
(inf and sup both from internal carotid; sup also from post communicating artery of the circle of Willis)

Question 9

anterior pituitary sections (+fxns)

Answer 9

pars distalis: respond to hypo, main secretory portion (ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, GH, PRL)
pars tuberalis: area surrounds infundibulum, highly vascularized
pars intermedia: whats left of rathke btwn rathke and pars nervosa (produce proopiomelanocortin)

Question 10

pituitary parts and cell types

Answer 10

distalis: basophils, acidophils, chromophobes, folliculo stellate cells?
intermedia: parenchymal, basophils, chromophobes
tuberalis: basophils, chromophobes

Question 11

tropic hormones

Answer 11

regulate activity in other endocrine glands

AP: ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH

Question 12

acidophil cells

Answer 12

somatotropes
lactotropes
stain pink

Question 13

basophil cells

Answer 13

corticotropes
gonadotropes
thyrotropes
stain purple

Question 14

pars distalis structure

Answer 14

organized into clumps and cords separated by fenestrated sinusoidal capillaries

Question 15

somatrope (production/regulation)

Answer 15

produce GH
(+) GHRH
(-) SS, ghrelin(?)

Question 16

lactotrope (production/regulation)

Answer 16

produce PRL
(-) dopamine
(+) TRH, VIP
hypertrophy/plasia during pregnancy
(when release vesicles cyto doesnt stain = chromophobe)

Question 17

corticotropes (production/regulation)

Answer 17

produce ACTH precursor

(+) CRH

Question 18

gonadotrope

production/regulation

Answer 18

produce LH and FSH

(+) GnRH

Question 19

thyrotrope (production/regulation)

Answer 19

produce TSH

(+) TRH

Question 20

posterior pituitary sections (+ cell types)

Answer 20

pars nervosa: non-myelinated axons and nerve endings; pituicytes
infundibulum: continuous w/ median eminence, axons of hypothalamohypophyseal tracts

Question 21

AP staining patterns

Answer 21

acidophilic
basochilic
chromophobes

Question 22

folliculo stellate cells

Answer 22

in ant pit
supporting cells
long cytoplasmic processes
surround hormone producing cells in pars distalis

Question 23

where do you find herring bodies?

Answer 23

posterior pituitary

Question 24

herring body structure

Answer 24

dilated portions of axons
accumulations of neurosecretory vesicles
unique to post pit

Question 25

post pit hormones

Answer 25

oxytocin | ADH

Question 26

neurons from hypothalamus to post pit

Answer 26

hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

Question 27

hormone packaging in post pit

Answer 27

hormones combined w/ proteins called dynorphins

Question 28

hypothalamus location

Answer 28

middle of the base of the brain | encapsulated ventricle part of 3rd ventricle

Question 29

ADH actions

Answer 29

acts on V2 receptors | increase permeability of CD to water (aquoporin)

Question 30

diabetes insipidus sx

Answer 30

``` polyuria increased thirst (maybe > 25 L/day) ```

Question 31

diabetes insipidus types

Answer 31

hypothalamic (head injury - no ADH made) | nephrogenic (V2 mutation - no ADH binding)

Question 32

how to stim ADH

Answer 32

baroreceptors/osmoreceptoors show dehydration hypothalamus reacts (supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus) stored/released from PP

Question 33

stim OXY

Answer 33

suckling hypothalamus reacts (supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus) stored/released from PP

Question 34

oxy actions

Answer 34

promotes contraction of SM in uterus and myoepithelial cells in breast in lactating moms post partum

Question 35

adrenal gland location

Answer 35

flattened triangular shapes embedded in perirenal fat of the kidneys

Question 36

adrenal gland staining

Answer 36

medulla darker than cortex

Question 37

adrenal gland development

Answer 37

cortex from mesodermal mesenchyme | medulla from neural crest cells

Question 38

adrenal gland maturation

Answer 38

fully @ 4 months old

Question 39

adrenal gland blood supply

Answer 39

superior, middle and inferior suprarenal arteries

Question 40

adrenal gland blood patterns

Answer 40

``` capillary arteries (supply capsule) fenestrated cortical sinusoidal capillaries (supply cortex, drain to medulla) medullary arterioles (cross cortex to medulla) ```

Question 41

adrenal gland veins

Answer 41

cortical and medullary sinusoids collecting veins central adrenomedullary vein L into IVC, R into renal vein

Question 42

central adrenomedullary vein structure

Answer 42

tunica media is thicker w/ longitudinal SM

Question 43

central adrenomedullary vein | function

Answer 43

helps push adrenal gland secretions into circulation

Question 44

adrenal cortex layers (+ description)

Answer 44

zona glomerulosa zona fasiculata zona reticularis

Question 45

zona glomerulosa description

Answer 45

small cells in oval groups or curve columns | densely staining nucleus

Question 46

zona glomerulosa secretion

Answer 46

mineralcorticoids | - aldosterone

Question 47

zona fasciculata description

Answer 47

large polyhedral cells arranged in cords separated by sinusoidal capillaries lightly staining, foamy (high lipid) nucleus and binucleate cells

Question 48

zona fasciculata secretion

Answer 48

glucocorticoids

Question 49

zona reticularis description

Answer 49

smaller nuclei stain deeply, less cytoplasm (less dense than ZG) anastamosing cords separated by fenestrated capillaries

Question 50

zona reticularis secretion

Answer 50

weak androgens

Question 51

adrenal gland medulla description

Answer 51

central adrenomedullary veins ganglion cells chromaffin cells organized into ovoid clusters myelinated presynaptic symp nerves

Question 52

medulla cells

Answer 52

chromaffin cells: large, pale-staining epitheloid cells

Question 53

adrenal gland medulla secretion

Answer 53

NE (large, dense core vesicles) E (smaller, more homogenous vesicles) (GCCs from cortex used to convert NE to E)

Question 54

chromaffin cells derived from

Answer 54

ganglion cells

Question 55

ganglion cells in medulla

Answer 55

usually in groups off set nucleus very round nucleus

Question 56

pheochromocytoma sx

Answer 56

``` episodic hypertension cardiac arrhythmias axiety fear of impending death ```

Question 57

pheochromocytoma cause

Answer 57

chromaffin cell tumors produce excessive catecholamines | arise from ganglion outside adrenal gland