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Step I > endo > Flashcards

endo Flashcards

1
Q

layers of adrenal Cx

A

GFR, the deeper you go the sweeter it gets

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2
Q

what is the most common adrenal medulla tumor in adults?

A

pheo

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3
Q

what is the most common adrenal medulla tumor in kids?

A

neuroblastoma

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4
Q

ant pit

A 
adenohypophysis 
FLAT-PiG
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
Prolactin
GH
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5
Q

which ant pit hormones are acidophils

A

GH and prolactin

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6
Q

which ant pit hormones are basophils?

A 
B-FLAT
basophils
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
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7
Q

what is ant pit derived from

A

Rathke pouch - oral ectoderm

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8
Q

intermediate lobe of pit

A

grouped w/ant

secreted MSH

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9
Q

post pit

A

neurohypophysis
vasopressein/ADH (from supraoptic)
oxytocin (from paraventricular)

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10
Q

what is post pit derived from?

A

neuroectoderm

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11
Q

endocrine pancreas cells

A

alpha- glucagon (peripheral)
beta- insulin (central)
delat- somatostatin

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12
Q

insulin sysnthesis

A

preproinsulin synth in RER
cleavage -> proinsulin
cleavage -> exo of both insulin and C-peptide

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13
Q

insulin R

A

tyrosine kinase -> increased PI3 and RAS/MAP for TFs

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14
Q

insulin effects

A 
increased glucose into mm and adipose
increase glyocogen synth
increased TG synth
increased Na retention 
increaed protein synth
increased cellular uptake of K and aa
decreased glucagon 
does not cross placenta
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15
Q

GLUT-4

A

adipose and striated mm
insulin dependent
exercise increases expression

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16
Q

GLUT-1

A

RBCs, brain, cornea

insulin independent

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17
Q

GLUT-2

A 
beta cells
liver
kidney
small intestines
bidirectional
insulin independent
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18
Q

GLUT-3

A

brain

insulin independent

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19
Q

GLUT-5

A

spermatocytes
GI
fructose
insulin independent

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20
Q

what inhibits glucagon

A

insulin
hyperglycemia
somatostatin

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21
Q

CRH overview

A

increases ACTH, MSH, and beta-endorphin

decreased in chronic exogenous steroid use

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22
Q

Dopamine overview

A

decreases prolactin

dopamine antagonists can cause galactorhea

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23
Q

GHRN overview

A

increased GH

analog (Tesaorelin) used to Tx HIV-associated lipodystrophy

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24
Q

GnRH overview

A

increased FSH, LH
regulated by porlactin
tonic GnRH supresses HPA
pulsatile causes puberty and fertility

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25
Q

Prolactin overview

A

decreased GnRH

pit prolactinoma -> amenorrhea, osteoporosis, hypogonadism, galactorhea

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26
Q

somatostatin overview

A

decreased GH, TSH

analogs used to Tx acromegaly

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27
Q

TRH overview

A

increased TSH, prolactin

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28
Q

prolactin fnx

A

secreted from ant pit
stimulates milk production
inhibitis ovulation and permatogenesis by inhibiting GnRH
excessive amounts decrease libido

29
Q

regulation of prolactin

A

tonically inhibited by dopamine from hypothalamus
prolactin inhibits itself by increases dopamine
TRH increases prolactin

30
Q

dopamine agonists

A

bromocriptine

inhibits prolactin secretion

31
Q

dopamine antagonists

A

antiphyschotics and Estrogens

stimulate prolactin secretion

32
Q

GH aka

A

somatotropin

33
Q

GH fnx

A

ant pit
stimulates linear growth and mm mass via IGF-1 (somatomedin C)
increased insulin resistance

34
Q

regulation of GH

A

pulses in response to GHRH
secretion increased during exercise and sleep
inhibited by glucose and somatostatin

35
Q

ghrelin

A

stimulates hunger (orexigenic effect) and GH release
produced by stomach
increased w/sleep loss and Prader-Willi syndrome

36
Q

leptin

A

satiety hormone
produced by adipose
mutation -> congenital obesity
sleep deprivation -> increased leptin

37
Q

ADH fnx

A 
synth by hypothalamus supraoptic nuclei
released by post pit
regulates serum osmolarity via V2Rs
regulated BP via V1Rs
increased aquaporin Ch insertion in renal collecting duct
38
Q

Desmopressin

A

ADH analog Tx of central DI

39
Q

17alpha hydroxylase deficiency

A 
increases mineralcorticoids
decreased cortisol
decreased sex hormones
increased BP
decreased K 
decreased androdtenedione
40
Q

male presentation of 17alpha hydroxylase deficiency

A

pseudo-hermaphroditism

41
Q

female presentation of 17alpha hydroxylase deficiency

A

lack secondary sex characteristics

42
Q

21- hydroxylase deficiency

A 
MC
decreased mineralcorticoids
decreased cortisol
increased sex hormones 
decreased BP
increased K
increased renin
increased 17-hydroxyprogesterone
43
Q

21- hydroxylase deficiency presentation

A

infants w/salt wasting
childhood precocrious puberty
XX- virulization
no virulization of prego mom

44
Q

11 beta hydroxylase deficiency

A 
decreased aldosterone
increased 11-deoxycorticosterone
decreased cortisol
increaed sex hormones
increased BP
decreased K
decreased renin 
XX virulization
45
Q

11 beta hydroxylase deficiency presentation

A

XX virulization

no virulization of prego mom

46
Q

cortisol source

A

from adrenal zona fasiculata

bound to corticosteroid binding globulin

47
Q

cortisol fnx

A

BIG FIB
increased BP
increased Insulin resistance
increased Gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and proteolysis
decreased Fibroblasts
decreased inflammatory and Immune responses
decreased bone formation

48
Q

cortisol and increased BP

A

upregulated alpha-1 Rs

at high concentrations can bind mineralcorticoids Rs

49
Q

cortisol and fibroblasts

A

striaw

50
Q

cortisol and immune system

A

inhibits production of leukotrienes and PGs
inhibits WBC adhesion
blocks H2 release from mast cells
reduces eos
blocks IL-2
exogenous corticosteroids can reactivate TB and candidiasis via IL-2 blockade

51
Q

cortisol and bone

A

inhibits osteoblasts

52
Q

cortisol regulation

A

CRH -> ACTH -> cortisol

excess cortisol -> decreased CRH, ACTH, and cortisol secretion

53
Q

PTH regulation

A

decreased Ca -> increased PTH
decreased Phos -> increased PTH
decreased Mg -> increased PTH
very decreased Mg -> decreased PTH

54
Q

common cause of decreased Mg

A

diarrhea
aminoglycosides
diuretics
alcohol abuse

55
Q

which hormones act via cAMP

A 
FLAT ChAMP
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
CRH
hCG
ADH (V2)
MSH
PTH
calcintonin
GHRH
glucagon
56
Q

which hormones act via cGMP?

A

ANP
BNP
NO

57
Q

which hormones act via IP3

A 
GOAT HAG
GnRH
Oxytocin
ADH (V1)
TRH
H1R
Angiotensin II
Gastin
58
Q

which hormones act via intracellular Rs

A 
VETTT CAP
vit D
E
T
T3/4
Cortisol
Aldosterone
Progesterone
59
Q

which hormones act via intrinsic tyrosine kinase

A 
insulin 
IGF-1
FGF
PFG
PDGF
EGF
60
Q

which hormones act via R-associated TK?

A 
PIGGlET
Prolactin
Immunomodulators
GH
G-CSF
Erythropoietin
Thrombopoietin
61
Q

T3/4 source

A

contain I
follicles of thyroid
T3 formed in target tissues

62
Q

T3/4 fnx

A 
4B's
Brain maturation
Bone growth
Beta adrenergic effects
BMR increased
63
Q

what decreases TGB

A

hepatic failure, steroids

64
Q

what increases TGB?

A

prego
OCP
E

65
Q

regulation of TH

A

TRH -> TSH -> stimulates follicles -> T4

neg feedback by free T3/T4 to ant pit decreased sensitivity to TRH

66
Q

wolff-chaikoff effect

A

excess I -> temporarily inhibits thyroid peroxidase -> decreased T3/4

67
Q

peroxidase

A

oxidation and organification of I

coupling of MIT and DIT

68
Q

PTU

A

inhibits both peroxidase and 5’ deiodinase

69
Q

methimazole

A

inhibits peroxidase only

Step I (22 decks)

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