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Psychology ATAR 11 > END OF YEAR EXAM!! > Flashcards

END OF YEAR EXAM!! Flashcards

1
Q

BRAIN LOBES

A
  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Occipital
  • Temporal
  • Brocas
  • Wernicks
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2
Q

FRONTAL LOBE

A
  • Reasoning
  • Motor Skills
  • Higher level COGNITION & LANGUAGE
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3
Q

PARIETAL LOBE

A
  • Sensory Information
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4
Q

OCCIPITAL LOBE

A
  • Visual Stimuli
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5
Q

TEMPORAL LOBE

A
  • Interprets sound/language

- Formation of memory

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6
Q

BROCAS AREA

A
  • Producing Language

- DAMAGE; able to understand but CANT form words/produce speech

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7
Q

WERNICKS AREA

A
  • Spoken language understood

- Wernicks Aphasia; gibberish, can understand

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8
Q

BRAIN STRUCTURE

A
  • Hindbrain
  • Midbrain
  • Forebrain
  • Corpus Callosum
  • Left Hemisphere
  • Right Hemisphere
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9
Q

HINDBRAIN

A
  • Above spinal cord

- Basic functions; heart rate, reflex

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10
Q

MIDBRAIN

A
  • Top of brain stem

- Recieves messages and send on to higher regions

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11
Q

FOREBRAIN

A
  • Think, feel, behave

- Surrounded by CORTEX; wrinked, soft

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12
Q

CORTEX

A
  • Two Hemispheres

- Separated by Corpus Callosum

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13
Q

CORPUS CALLOSUM

A
  • Centre
  • Connects hemispheres
  • Controls BOTH sides of the brain
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14
Q

LEFT HEMISPHERE

A
  • Language
  • Logic
  • Critical Thinking
  • Numbers
  • Reasoning
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15
Q

RIGHT HEMISPHERE

A
  • Recognising face
  • Emotion
  • Creativity
  • Colour
  • Music
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16
Q

ETHICAL ISSUES

A
  • Informed Consent
  • Deception
  • Debriefing
  • Right to Withdraw
  • Protection from Harm
  • Confidentiality
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17
Q

INFORMED CONSENT

A
  • Debried with max info

- Enable informed judgement

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18
Q

DECEPTION

A
  • NO ALTERNATIVE

- Approval by Ethics Committee

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19
Q

DEBRIEFING

A
  • After study
  • Ask questions
  • Understand entirely
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20
Q

RIGHT TO WITHDRAW

A
  • Can leave at any time

- Refuse permission for their data to be used

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21
Q

PROTECTION FROM HARM

A
  • Pscyhological and Physical safety enusured

- No greater risk than normal life experiences

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22
Q

CONFIDENTIALITY

A
  • Data protects
  • Anonymity
  • Published using NUMBERS
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23
Q

PLANNING RESEARCH

A
  • Hypothesis
  • Vairables
  • Experimental Designs
  • Sampling Techniques
  • Ethical considerations
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24
Q

HYPOTHESIS

A
  • Prediction
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25
Q

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS

A
  • Prediciton what will change
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26
Q

NULL HYPOTHESIS

A
  • Predict no change
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27
Q

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

A
  • Deliberately manipulated
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28
Q

DEPENDENT VARIABLE

A
  • Measured variable
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29
Q

EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES

A
  • Falsify data

- Affect result

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30
Q

INDEPENDENT GROUP DESIGN

A
  • 2 or more spearate groups

- Used in cases where repeated design CANT

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31
Q

REPEATED GROUP DESIGN

A
  • Test same group
  • Controls for indiv differences
  • Order effects
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32
Q

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

A
  • Target Audience
  • AIM Representative sample
  • Random, systematic, opportunity
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33
Q

EVALUATE FINDINGS

A
  • Validity
  • Reliability
  • Demand Characteristics
  • The Observer Effect
  • Social Desirability
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34
Q

VALIDITY

A
  • Accuracy; how accurate they are

- Ecological Accuracy; setting of study and task

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35
Q

RELIABILITY

A
  • Consistency; ease of replication
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36
Q

DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS

A
  • Participate works out aim of study
  • Acts accordingly, not true beleifs
  • Reduces validity
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37
Q

THE OBSERVER EFFECT

A
  • Change behaviour due to being observed

- Reduces validity

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38
Q

SOCIAL DESIRABILITY

A
  • Wants to look good to researches

- Reduces validity

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39
Q

COVERT OBSERVATION

A
  • Observer remains hiddne

- Doesnt affect behaviour

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40
Q

OVERT OBSERVATION

A
  • Observer is known
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41
Q

CORRELATIONAL STUDIES

A
  • Pairs of scores and seeing if there is neg/pos correlation
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42
Q

TYPES OF STUDY

A
  • Case Study
  • Naturalistic Observation
  • Longitudinal Studies
  • Twin Studies
  • Surveys
  • Introspection
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43
Q

CASE STUDY

A
  • ALL aspects of patient
  • S: Provide info on topics that are unethical via experience e.g. sucide
  • W: Uncontrollable form of data collection, cant explain why things happen
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44
Q

NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION

A
  • Observe behaviour in natural setting
  • S: real word signifcance, high ecological validity
  • W: Observer Affect/Bias, hard to remain inconspicious
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45
Q

LONGITUDINAL STUDIES

A
  • Over time repeated observation
  • S: develop understanding of abilities/trends
  • W: large amount of time, hard to generalize, can die
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46
Q

TWIN STUDIES

A
  • Twins compared to determine diff/sim
  • S: understand role that genetics have, role of nature on nurture
  • W: cant generalize, can only describe not explain
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47
Q

SURVEYS

A
  • Public polling
  • S: quick, easy, measure attitude, motive, opinion
  • W: Wording Effect - influence
  • If not representative sample, arent valid
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48
Q

INTROSPECTION

A
  • Self observation
  • S: insight on memory, learning, problem solving
  • W: depends on honesty, have gaps in knowledge of themselves
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49
Q

QUANTATIVE

A
  • numbers
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50
Q

QUALITATIVE

A
  • words (anything not numerical)
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51
Q

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

A
  • MODE; common response
  • MEDIAN; middle in rank
  • MEAN; add up scores, divide by number of scores, average
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52
Q

NORMATIVE INFLUENCE

A
  • impact of an established behaviour of the group ‘norms’ you are likely to conform to
  • change on situation
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53
Q

FOLLOWING GROUP NORMS

A
  • avoid being ridiculed
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54
Q

SOCIAL INFLUENCE

A
  • attitdue/perception/behaviour is influenced by real or implied presence
  • may involve compliance; pubically acts one way/privating another
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55
Q

TYPES OF CONFORMITY

A
  • Public

- Private

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56
Q

PUBLIC CONFORMITY

A
  • Presence of conformity
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57
Q

PRIVATE CONFORMITY

A
  • Behaviour that would display even if people werent watching e.g. animal cruelty
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58
Q

INFLUENCES ON CONFORMITY

A
  • Size
  • Awareness of Norms
  • An Ally Dissent
  • Cultures
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59
Q

SIZE CONFORMITY

A
  • Increases with size

- Up to 4, then levels off

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60
Q

AWARENESS OF GROUP NORMS CONFORMITY

A
  • C increases when norm is ‘activated’ brought to attention
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61
Q

AN ALLY IS DISSENT CONFORMITY

A
  • Presence of one that disagrees with majority REDUCES conformity
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62
Q

COLLECTIVIST CULTURES

A
  • high levels of unamity/conformity
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63
Q

INDIVIDUALIST CULTURES

A
  • western

- conform less to norms

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64
Q

SHERIF 1935 CONFORMITY

A
  • experience showed participants a single pinpoint of light
  • asked to estimate individually how far it moved
  • then worked in pairs, establishing agreed point
    CRITICISM
  • group of 3 - not really group
  • no right or wrong answer
  • sherif told them that the light WOULD move
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65
Q

SENSATION

A
  • processing involving sensory reception detecting and responding to stimuli
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66
Q

PERCEPTION

A
  • a mental process of organizing and interpreting sensory stimuli sent from the sensory organs
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67
Q

STAGES OF PERCEPTION

A
  • Perception
  • Transduction
  • Transmission
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68
Q

PERCEPTION - PERCEPTION

A
  • Begins with reception when a stimulus is detected at a sensory receptor site (eye, ear)
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69
Q

TRANSDUCTION - PERCEPTION

A
  • Turning Light into Sight

- If light is intense enough to activate photoreceptors, convert light energy into electrochemical energy

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70
Q

TRANSMISSION - PERCEPTION

A
  • Eye to Brain

- Neural impulses travel long neural pathways in brain to be processed

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71
Q

GESTALT PRINCIPLES

A
  • Group of principles that organise visual features and then integrate them into connected patterns or whole forms
  • Figure Ground
  • Closure
  • Similarity
  • Proximity
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72
Q

FIGURE GROUND - GP

A
  • Viewer groups and separates some features so that part of a stimulus appears to stand out
  • Object against the background
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73
Q

CLOSURE - GP

A
  • Viewers tendency to complete incomplete figures by filling in imaginary contour line
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74
Q

SIMILARITY - GP

A
  • Perceive stimulus that have visual features as belonging together forming a meaningful single unit or group
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75
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT

A
  • Genetics; family traits, appearance, height, hair colour
  • Genotype; genetic pattern
  • Phenotype; outcome of genes and environment
  • Attachment; promote survival
  • Maturation; time table of development in genotype
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76
Q

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

A
  • Brain/Spinal Cord
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77
Q

BRAIN

A
  • Centre of NS
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78
Q

SENSORY NERVES

A
  • Carry information from SENSES to BRAIN
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79
Q

MOTOR NERVES

A
  • carry info from brain to muscles

- signals cross at synapse

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80
Q

HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM

A
  • recieves and process info from body and responds
  • Central NS
  • Peripheral NS
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81
Q

CNS

A
  • consists of al nerves in brain and spinal cord
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82
Q

SPINAL CORD

A
  • consists of cable nerve fibres from base of brain to lower back
  • connects the brain to the PNS
  • transmits sensory info from PNS to brain
  • transmits motor messages from brain to PNS
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83
Q

PNS

A
  • consisting of all nerves outside CNS
  • transmits sensory info to CNS
  • transmits motor messages from brain to body
  • SNS and ANS
84
Q

SNS

A
  • transmits sensory info recieved from sensory receptor cells to CNS
  • motor messages from the CNS to the bodys voluntary skeletal muscles; Skeletal NS
85
Q

ANS

A
  • transmits motor message from the brain to the bodys internal organs/glands
  • involuntary activity of internal organs/glands
  • transmits messages back to the brain about the activity level of these organs
  • divided into Syp NS and Parasymp NS
86
Q

Sympathetic NS

A
  • alters the activity level of INTERNAL muscles

- physically prepare us for increased activity in HIGH EMOTION OR PHYSICAL AROUSAL

87
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A
  • Maintains energy level for normal function

- Reversing SNS

88
Q

FACTORS IN FORMATION OF ATTRACTION

A
  • Physical Attractiveness
  • Demographic Similarity
  • Proximity
  • Attitude Similarity
  • Personality Similarity
89
Q

PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS - ATTRACTION

A
  • First thing noticed
  • Clean/Dirty
  • Childlike faces for WOMEN
  • Square jaw, small eyes, thin lips for MEN
90
Q

THE HALO EFFECT

A
  • Brighman 1971

- Physically attractive people are thought of as being generally attractive

91
Q

THE WATCHING HYPOTHESIS - ATTRACTION

A
  • Actively seek individuals similar to ourselves (attraction wise)
  • Fear of rejection from a more attractive person
92
Q

EVOLUNTIONARY EXPLANATIONS OF ATTRACTION - ATTRACTION

A
  • Humans programmed to find someone for reproduction
  • Youth & good looks signs for good reproduction
  • Primarily in women
93
Q

PROXIMITY - ATTRACTION

A
  • Festinger et al 1950

- Students living in close prox chose friends with those closest to them

94
Q

ATTITUDE SIMILARITY - ATTRACTION

A
  • Bryne at al 1968
  • Very important for interpersonal attraction
  • Only when similarity was related to topic of important that if affected attractiveness
95
Q

DEMO SIMILARITY - ATTRACTION

A
  • Linked with relationships (age, sex, class)

- Affect friendship

96
Q

PERSONALITY SIMILARITY - ATTRACTION

A
  • similar personalities more likely to become involved

- Winch 1958 argued for opposites attract

97
Q

WAKING CONSCIOUSNESS DEFINITION

A
  • Thoughts, feelings and perceptions that occur when we are awake and alert
  • Stream of info from thalamus which interprets info
  • Viewed as an adaption allowing us to get along with others in our group
98
Q

ALTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS

A
  • Mental states that differs from normal waking, including sleep, day dreaming, meditation or drug induced
99
Q

DAY DREAMING

A
  • Spontaneous shifts in attention away from the here and now into a make believe world
  • 90 minutes
  • Stress relief
  • Encourage creativity
100
Q

CIRCADIAN CYCLES

A
  • cycles last about a day
  • governed by hypothalamus
  • controls body temp, metabolism, blood pressure, hormone levels, hunger
  • jetlag is resynchronisation of this
101
Q

RYTHMNS OF SLEEP

A
  • stage 1
  • stage 2
  • stage 4
  • stage 4
  • REM
102
Q

REM

A
  • rapid eye movement
  • brain waves similar to waking state
  • person deeply asleep
  • dreaming
  • BRAIN/PHYSIO REPAIR
  • brain growth
  • memory
  • neurotransmitters
103
Q

SLEEP THEORIES

A
  • restoration theory

- evolutionary theory

104
Q

NREM

A
  • body
  • immune system
  • growth hormone
105
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE

A
  • personality is a result of unconscious psychological conflicts and how effectively they are resolved
  • behaviour and feelings affected by unconscious
  • childhood experiences
  • tripartite (personality)
  • behaviour is determined
  • constant conflict with id & super ego and ego
  • defence mechanisms
106
Q

FRUED ICE BERG

A
  • Conscious
  • Preconscious
  • Unconscious
107
Q

FREUD - CONSCIOUS

A
  • everything we are thinking, remembering, feeling, sense or aware of now
108
Q

FREUD - PRE CONSCIOUS

A
  • contains info ‘at the back of our minds’

- brought to surface by thinking about it

109
Q

FREUD - UNCONSCIOUS

A
  • not aware of unconscious thoughts
  • still have influence over conscious feelings/thoughts
  • storage place ‘unacceptable thought’
  • buried thoughts, feelings, experiences, images, motived that are BAD
110
Q

FREUD TRIPARTIDE

A
  • ID
  • Ego
  • Super Ego
111
Q

ID - FREUD

A
  • Demanding, Impulsive, Irrational, Selfish
  • Pleasure Principal; must be met
  • Innate biological needs e.g. babes
112
Q

EGO - FREUD

A
  • develops in children when they begin to understand how the real world works
  • Realistic, Logical, Orderly
  • Reality Principal; ensures ID needs are met in socially acceptable manner
113
Q

SUPER EGO - FREUD

A
  • Conscious looking out for us
  • Judging thoughts, feelings, actions
  • Moral Principal; right and wrong
114
Q

FREUDS STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

A
  • Oral (Birth-12 months)
  • Anal (1-2 years)
  • Phallic (3-5)
  • Lantent (6-Puberty)
  • Genitl (Puberty-Adulthood)
115
Q

ORAL STAGE - FREUD

A
  • Pleasure; MOUTH
  • Conflict; WEANING
  • Fixation; Overeating, gossip, drinking excessively, dependence on others, talking too much, overeating
116
Q

ANAL STAGE - FREUD

A
  • Pleasure; Bowel movement
  • Conflict; Toilet training
  • Fixation; stingy, organised, stubborn, controlling, detail, disorganised, impulsive
117
Q

PHALLIC STAGE - FREUD

A
  • Pleasure; Genitals
  • Conflict; physical desire for opposite sex parent
  • Castration Anxiety; create a fear of retaliation
  • Child represses desires
  • Identifies with father in order to posses mother
118
Q

LATENT STAGE - FREUD

A
  • Sexual impulses doormat
  • Child focuses on education/social/achievements
  • Consolidate same sex identity
119
Q

GENITAL STAGE - FREUD

A
  • Pleasure; Genitals
  • Conflict; redirect sexual urges to appropriate figures
  • All of child’s prename fixations re-emerge
  • Child detaches from family
  • Develops identity
  • Peer love interest
120
Q

DEFENCE MECHANISMS

A
  • consciously/unconsciously chooses to use to distort/falisy truth of ones experience
  • to protect one self from feeling painful emotions
  • Lying, rationalisation, regression, repression, denial, suppression, projection/displacement
121
Q

STRENGHTS OF FREUD

A
  • popularity of case study
  • defence mechanisms
  • importance of childhood
  • views influenced western thought
122
Q

WEAKNESSES OF FREUD

A
  • can’t generalise
  • unscientific
  • too deterministic
  • bias sample (women vienna)
  • socially unacceptable
123
Q

TRAIT THEORY DEFINITION

A
  • Personality is focused on differences between individuals
  • Combination/Interaction of traits UNIQUE PERSONALITY
  • Focused on identifying and measuring these individual personality characteristics
  • Allport, Eyesnck
124
Q

ALLPORT 1936

A
  • 4000 words
  • Cardinal; dominate, rare, develop later in life e.g. narcissistic
  • Central; form base of personality, e.g. intelligent, honest, shy
  • Secondary; related to attitudes or preferences,appear only in certain situations e.g. would be getting anxious when speaking in front of group
125
Q

EYESNCK

A
  • 2D/3D model
    1. Intro/Extra
    2. Neuroticism/Emotional Stability
    3. Psychoticism
126
Q

INTRO/EXTRA - EYENCK

A 
INTRA
- stimulus shy
- hesitant
- reflection 
- withdrawn
- quiet
- reserved 
EXTRA 
- stimulus hungry
- outgoing
- sociable 
- acts first
- loud
127
Q

NEUROTICISM/EMOTIONAL STABILITY - EYESNCK

A 
NEUTROTIC
- emotionally reactive
- moody, tense, irritable, anxious 
STABILITY 
- tendency to remain emotionally constant
128
Q

EYENSCK NEG/POS

A

NEG
- only describes limited personality types
- can’t generalise (small ample)
- questionnaires (mood affected) or 100% truthful
POS
- later researched larger sample supported ideas
P

129
Q

PSYCHOTICISM

A

HIGH

- difficulty dealing with reality, antisocial, hostile, non-empathetic, manipulative

130
Q

HUMANISTIC DEFINTION

A
  • Look at human behavior not only through the eyes of the observer, but through the eyes of the person doing the behaving
  • Personality is studied from the point of view of the individual’s subjective experience
  • Maslow, Rodgers
131
Q

MASLOW HEIRACHY OF NEEDS

A
  • Physiological
  • Safety
  • Love/Belonging
  • Esteem
  • Self Actualisation
132
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL - MASLOW

A
  • Breathing
  • Food
  • Water
  • Sex
  • Sleep
  • Excretion
133
Q

SAFETY - MASLOW

A
  • Security of body
  • Employment
  • Safe resources
  • Safe morality
  • Family
  • Property
  • Health
134
Q

LOVE/BELONGING

A
  • Friendship
  • Family
  • Sexual intimacy
135
Q

ESTEEM - MASLOW

A
  • Self Esteem
  • Confidence
  • Achievement
  • Respect of others
  • Respect by others
136
Q

SELF ACTUALIZATION

A
  • Morality
  • Creativity
  • Spontaneity
  • Problem solving
  • Lack of prejudice
  • Acceptance of facts
137
Q

RODGERS SELF THEORY

A
  • human ability to device self concepts; as an individual, value and relationship with others
  • people are conscious architects of their own personality
  • free to choose/act
  • Self Theory
138
Q

SELF THEORY - RODGERS

A
  • CONGRUENCE; consistency of self concept and ones experiences
  • SELF ESTEEM; necessary, belief in ones self/self respect
  • Human nature is OPTIMISTIC
  • PERSON CENTRES THEORY; get in touch with genuine feelings and act accordingly
139
Q

SELF THEORY BENEFITS/LIMITS

A

BENEFITS
- CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCE; a sense of moving through space and time, needed to be human
LIMITS
- conscious experience is private/subjective
- doesn’t predict developing traits/abilities/interests

140
Q

BEHAVIOURIST THEORY DEFINITION

A
  • related to our learned patterns of behaviour
  • personality stems from behaviours we learn throughout our lives
  • Skinner
141
Q

SKINNER

A
  • behaviour brings rewards or avoids punishment is continued
  • POS REINFORCEMENT
  • NEG REINFORCEMENT
  • PUNISHMENT
  • all behaviour can be unlearnt
142
Q

POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT - SKINNER

A
  • something desirable is obtained to make the behaviour happen again
  • to behave in the same way in order to receive reward
143
Q

NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT - SKINNER

A
  • response or behaviour is strengthened by stopping or avoiding a negative outcome
  • removal of something unpleasant
144
Q

PUNISHMENT - SKINNER

A
  • something undesirable received after a behaviour to make it stop
  • attempt to decrease behaviour
145
Q

SKINNER LIMITATIONS

A
  • critiqued for being too simplistic (no robots)

- personality is more stable than behaviourist say

146
Q

DESCRIPTIVE METHODS

A
  • self report
  • observer report
  • test data
  • life history data
147
Q

SELF REPORT

A 
AD
- study of difficult behaviours
- easy to distribute to large groups
DIS
- convenience sampling 
- bias
148
Q

OBSERVER EFFECT

A 
AD
- captures spontaneous behaviours
- avoid bias
DIS
- researcher inference
- observer bias
- time consuming
- selective attention
149
Q

TEST DATA

A 
AD
- quantitate data; easy to replicate
- controlled environment; limit extraneous variables
DIS
- lacks ecological validity
150
Q

LIFE HISTORY DATA

A 
AD
- ecological validity
- links to past experiences
DIS
- expensive
- time consuming
- hard to replicate
- can't generalize
151
Q

P VALUE

A
  • less than 0.05 they are 95% confident that what as happened wasnt due to chance
  • null hypothesis can be rejected
152
Q

SOCIAL FACILIATION

A
  • tendency for people to do better when in the presence of others
153
Q

SOCIAL INHIBITION

A
  • restraint on feelings in the belief that others may disapprove of their behaviour
154
Q

DEINDIVIDUATION

A
  • loss of social identity/inhibition causing a person to lose responsibility for their own actions and ignore consequences
  • Zimbardo
155
Q

FACTORS THAT LEAD TO DEINDIVIDUATION

A
  • ANONYMITY; not afraid of consquences
  • PRESSURE OF SOCIAL NORMS; pressured to form to the norms
  • SHIFT ATTENTION TO EXTERNAL FACTORS; reacting to environment more than internal beliefs
156
Q

SOCIAL LOAFING

A
  • person puts less effort due to feeling of anonymity in a group
157
Q

SUCKER EFFECT

A
  • when it seems that others arent pulling their weight - people reduce effort
158
Q

FREE RIDER EFFECT

A
  • when it seems that everyone else is putting in enough work so you don’t contribute
159
Q

COMPETITON (GROUP)

A

IN
- lowers cohesion
OUT
- increases group solidarity

160
Q

REALISTIC CONFLICT THEORY

A
  • intergroup hostility arises when there is no competition for scarce but valuable resources
161
Q

THEORY OF RELATIVE DEPRIVATION

A
  • people are greedy
  • even if resources arent scared, people compare what they have to others and want the same
  • people are jerks
162
Q

ATTITUDE FORMATION AND CHANGE

A
  • Ideas that we hold about ourselves, others, objects and experiences
  • Evaluation of a person makes about them
163
Q

ABC’S OF ATTITUDES

A
  • Affective
  • Behavioural
  • Cognitive
164
Q

AFFECTIVE COMPONENT - ATTITUDE

A
  • FEELINGS/EMOTIONS
  • Emotional reaction
  • Based on judgement; pos/neg response
165
Q

BEHAVIOURAL COMPONENT - ATTITUDE

A
  • ACTIONS
  • How attitude is expressed through action
  • Behave
166
Q

COGNITIVE COMPONENT - ATTITUDE

A
  • THOUGHTS
  • Beliefs we have
  • Result from experience
167
Q

PREJUDICE

A
  • Attitude towards group of people, based on characteristics that are ASSUMED to be common
  • All girls like pink
  • Attitude
168
Q

DISCRIMINATION

A
  • Treating people unfavourably on the basis of their membership to a certain group
  • Jews genocide
  • Action
169
Q

ARDNO - DISCRIM/PREJUDICE

A
  • Prejudice happens because of personality

- Authoritarian more likely

170
Q

AUTHORITARIAN - PREJUDICE

A
  • Negative towards those beneath them
  • Obedient towards those of higher status
  • Rigid in opinions
  • Not open to new ideas/situations
  • ‘US’ VS ‘Them’
171
Q

STEREOTYPING

A
  • involves having a belief about a certain group of individuals
  • assuming that every member is the same
172
Q

POSITIVE DISCRIMATION

A
  • rebalance discrimination

- e.g. racial quotas

173
Q

TWIN STUDIES

A
  • Monozygotic; identical, same egg
  • Dizygotic; non identical, diff egg
    DIS
  • adopted twins raised in similar environments as agencies tend to adopt child into similar TA
  • nothing more than coincidence
  • similar age would always exhibit same things
  • fail to examine differences in twins
    AD
  • different homes, similar habits
174
Q

DETERMINISM

A
  • describes behaviour as not being under control of a person

- no chance in how you act or why you behave a certain way

175
Q

REDUCTIONSIM

A
  • all human behaviour can be explained by a cause
176
Q

MULLER LYER ILLUSION

A
  • this illusion occurs because of a misapplication of size constancy scaling
  • Size constancy allows us to perceive objects in a stable way by taking distance into account
177
Q

PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOUR

A
  • any act performed with the goal of benefitting another

- motivated by altruism

178
Q

ALTRUISM

A
  • is the desire to help another even if it costs them

- could be genetic (evolutionary psych)

179
Q

EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY

A
  • explain social behaviour in genetic factors
  • evolved over time because of natural selection
  • promote survival of the individual
  • explains altruism 1. KIN SELECTION 2. RECIPROCITY
    3. SOCIAL NORMS
180
Q

KIN SELECTION - EP

A
  • behaviours that help a genetic relative are forwarded by natural selection
  • more a person ensures his or her relatives survival, the greater chances genes will pass on
181
Q

RECIPROCITY - EP

A
  • expectation that helping other will increase likelihood that they will help you in the future
  • survival value of the norm may be genetic
  • altruism is a social norm; ability to learn and follow norms
182
Q

SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY

A
  • what we do stems from desire to maximise outcomes and minimise costs
  • self interest
183
Q

3 TYPES OF REWARDS

A
  1. increase probability that someone will return it
  2. relieve personal distress off the bystander
  3. gain social approval, and increase self worth (cognitive dissonance)
184
Q

COST AND REWARD OF HELPING

A
  • helping is costly (physical danger, embarrassment, time consuming)
  • is that people help only when the benefit outweighs the cost
  • argues that altruism doesn’t exist
185
Q

THE PURE MOTIVE FOR HELING

A
  • Batons 1991

- pure altruism is most likely when we experience empathy for the person

186
Q

PERSCH DETERMINANTS OF PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOUR

A
  • gender diff

- culture diff

187
Q

GENDER DIFF - PDOPB

A
  • is a variable
  • men; chivalrous, heroic
  • women; nurture, long term
188
Q

CULTURE DIFF - PDOPB

A
  • help members of in group rather than outgroup
  • ingroup; identifies or is a member of
  • outgroup; doesnt identify with
189
Q

SITUATIONAL DETERMINANTS OF PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOUR RURAL VS URBAN

A

RURAL

  • more helpful
  • effect seen worldwide
  • brought up to be more neighbourly
  • enhances altruistic personality
190
Q

MILGRAM ON ALTRUSIM

A

– Urban Overload Hypothesis
- People living in cities likely to keep to themselves
- Avoid being overloaded by stimulation
ANALYSIS
- one would expect population density (over than overall) produce more stimulation, less helping
- Levine et Al studied this, results support

191
Q

BYSTANDER INTERVENTION

LATANE AND DARLEY MODEL

A
  • the greater number of bystanders, the less likely of help being offered
  • bystander effect
  • 5 decision steps (L&D)
    1. noticing
    2. interpreting as an emergency
    3. assuming responsibility
    4. knowing how to help
    5. implementing help
192
Q

COMMUNAL RELATIONSHIP

A
  • primary concern is welfare
  • e.g. helping a partner
  • concerned with how much help the other person needs
193
Q

EXCHANGE RELATIONSHIP

A
  • governed by equity concerns
  • governed by rules and norms
  • who is getting what
194
Q

BRAIN SCANNING TECHNIQUES

A
  • MRI
  • CT
  • PET
  • FRMRI
  • EEG
  • ESB
195
Q

IDENTIFICATION

A
  • type of conformity

- adopting views of a group PUBLICLY AND PRIVATELY because you value being apart of the group

196
Q

CT

197
Q

MRI

A
  • magnetic resonance imaging
  • measures which parts of the brain are using energy
  • measures blood flow
  • images from diff angles
  • detect small things
  • NON INVASIVE
198
Q

EEG

A
  • electroencephalogram
  • measures electrical activity
  • NON INVASIVE
  • detects epilepsy
199
Q

fMRI

A
  • functional magnetic resonance imaging

- diff in blood flow

200
Q

ESB

A
  • electrical stimulation of the brain
  • apply weak electric current o brain
  • show brain functions
  • INVASIVE
201
Q

CT

A
  • computerized tomography
  • x-rays of the brain
  • horizontal pic
202
Q

PET

A
  • inject harmless chemical
  • collects in active brain areas
  • brain activity
203
Q

CONTROLLED PROCESS

A
  • requires us to pay attention and deliberately put in effort
204
Q

AUTOMATIC PROCESS

A
  • Processes that do not require attention; they can often be performed along with other tasks without interference.
205
Q

SPLIT BRAIN EXPERIMENT

A
  • Rodger Sperry
  • Epilepsy
  • Cut corpus callosum
  • specialization of hemispheres
206
Q

SELECTIVE ATTENTION

A
  • difficult to attend to more that thing at the same time

Psychology ATAR 11 (16 decks)

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