BIOLOGICAL INFLUENCES/BASES OF BEHAVIOUR

Question 1

FRONTAL LOBE

Answer 1

• Reasoning
• Motor Skills
• High level COGNITION and LANGUAGE

Question 2

PAREITAL LOBE

Answer 2

• Processes SENSORY INFO

- Contains the SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX

Question 3

OCCIPITAL LOBE

Answer 3

• Interprets VISUAL STIMULI

- Contains the PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX

Question 4

TEMPORAL LOBE

Answer 4

• Interprets SOUND and LANGUAGE
• Contains the HIPPOCAMPUS
• Associated with the FORMATION OF MEMORY

Question 5

BROCAS AREA (Speech Production)

Answer 5

• Main area of the CEREBRAL CORTEX
• Responsible for PRODUCING LANGUAGE
• Damage; able to UNDERSTAND language but CAN’T properly for form words or produce speech

Question 6

WERNICKS AREA (Speech Comprehension)

Answer 6

• WHERE SPOKEN LANGUAGE IS UNDERSTOOD

- Wernicke Aphasia; CAN understand language CAN’T speak it (gibberish)

Question 7

ASSOCIATION AREAS

Answer 7

• Areas of cerebral cortex that do not have a specialized sensory or motor function
• Integrate information received from different brain areas and structures to enable complex mental behaviours

Question 8

PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX

Answer 8

• Rear of the frontal lobe that directs the body’s skeletal muscles and controls voluntary movement

Question 9

PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX

Answer 9

• Strip of neurons located at the front of parietal lobe, adjacent to the primary motor cortex, which registers and processes sensory information from receptors in the body

Question 10

PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX

Answer 10

• Area at base of occipital lobe that registers, processes and interprets visual information sent from each eye

Question 11

PRIMARY AUDITORY CORTEX

Answer 11

• Area of the temporal lobes that register and process auditory information

Question 12

HINDBRAIN

Answer 12

• Oldest part of the brain
• LOCATED deep within the head ABOVE spinal cord
• Controls basic functions; heart rate, breathing, sleeping, reflex

Question 13

MIDBRAIN

Answer 13

• Sits on TOP of the brain stem
• Acts as a brain sensory switchboard
• Receives messages from all senses BUT smell and sends them on to HIGHER BRAIN REGIONS that deal with senses

Question 14

FOREBRAIN

Answer 14

• LARGEST part
• Highly developed
• MAJOR role in how we think, feel and behave
• Outer layer is known as the CORTEX; wrinkled, soft and pinky grey
• CORTEX HAS TWO HALVES; hemispheres
• More wrinkles means more brain surface = higher intelligence

Question 15

CORPUS CALLOSUM

Answer 15

• Found in CENTRE of the brain
• Connects the TWO halves together
• Controls BOTH sides of the body whilst receiving sensory INFORMATION

Question 16

LEFT HEMISPHERE

Answer 16

• Language
• Logic
• Critical Thinking
• Numbers
• Reasoning

Question 17

RIGHT HEMISPHERE

Answer 17

• Recognizing faces
• Expressing emotions
• Music
• Reading emotions
• Colour
• Images
• Intuition
• Creativity

Question 18

ELECTRIC STIMULATION OF THE BRAIN

Answer 18

• Researchers activate brain structure but using a weak electric current sent along implanted electrodes
• Study human brain in TWO WAYS
• 1. Examine people with brain injuries or diseases and see what they CAN and CAN’T do
• 2. Use Electroencephalographs (EEGS) that record overall electrical activity in the brain via electrodes placed on the scalp

Question 19

COMPUTERISED TOMOGRAPHY (CT)

Answer 19

• Number of XRAYS are taken from the different angles of the brain
• Computer then combines the XRAYS to produce a picture of a horizontal slice through the brain

Question 20

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)

Answer 20

• Both brain structure and function can be visualised

- Computer enhanced pictures produced by magnetic fields and radio waves

Question 21

POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPH (PET)

Answer 21

• Researchers inject people with harmless RADIOACTIVE chemical that collects in active brain areas
• Researchers then look at the pattern of radioactivity in the brain using a scanner and a computer
• Figure out which parts of the brain activate during specific tasks; lighting an arm or feeling a specific emotion

Question 22

FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (fMRI)

Answer 22

• Measures brain activity
• Works by detecting the changes in blood oxygenation and flow that occur in response to neural activity
• When a brain area is more active it consumes more oxygen and to meet this increased demand blood flow increases to the active area
• fMRI can be used to produce activation maps showing which parts of the brain are more involved in a particular mental process

Question 23

PHINEAS GAGE

Answer 23

• WHEN; 1848
• WHO; Phineas Gage
• AGE; 25
• WHAT; sustained injury to brain
• WHAT; iron rod went through skull, entering left cheekbone exiting top of the skull
• RECOVERY; physically made good recovery
• AFFECTS; change in MENTAL BEHAVIOUR/CONDITION, character altered, radically changed personality/charac
• HARLOW; 1864 reported GAGE ‘fitful, irreverent, not ‘Gage’’
• FOUND; psychological and physiological damage to FRONTAL CORTEX, loss of social inhibitions, role of frontal cortex in social cognition and decision was REALISED
• HELP; Gage provided evidence (first of) in frontal cortex being involved in PERSONALITY and BEHAVIOUR