empire and nationalities Flashcards
how do imperial borders change ovee time
expansion
cause of expansion under A2 and briefly A3
- treaty of peking, 1860
- expanision into central asia 1860’s-90’s
treaty of peking, 1860
- outer manchuria give to russian empire [400,000 square km]
[HOW] expansion into central asia, 1860’s-90’s
series of armed campaigns
expansion into central asia, 1860’s-90’s
importance of it
- gain control of silk road - trading
- this worried britain because of possible expansion into Afganistan and THEN india; ultimatelly cutting off britain [at this point in time, B’s NO.1 enemy was russia]
1897 russian census – nationalities
- russians: 56 mil –44%
- ukrainians: 22 mil – 17%
- Poles: 8 mil – 6%
- Belarussians: 6 mil – 5%
- Jews: 5 mil – 4%
demonstartes linguistic diveristy
1897 russian census – religion
- orthodox: 69%
- muslims: 11%
- roman catholics; 9%
- jews; 4%
order of changes across the period
very briefly
- contraction
- then 3 waves of expanision
problems did diveristy pose for the tsars
- russian would not work as a democracy – due to diff cultures/ideas
- religious tensions – authority; pope or TSAR! [political]
- national interest conflicts with imperial interest — [national = keep freedom, imperial = making russia powerful]
- conflicts with 3 pillars - russification leads to resistance
what causes russia to contract in 1918
treaty of Brest-litovsk
terms of treaty of Brest-litovsk
- baltic states and poland to germany
- ukraine and moldavia to austro-hungary
impact of treaty of Brest-litovsk
- 62 million people conceded
- 1/3 of farm land lost
- 1/3 of railway lost
yet impact was short due to end of ww1 and treaty of versailles
expansion during civil war
1918-21
- uses red army to regain control of ukraine, Belarus, central asia, caucauses
- BUT finland, Poland, baltics remain free
limited impact, fails to regain ALL land + doesnt achieve pushing west
expansion pre-ww2
stalin
S+hitler agree to** molotov ribbentrop pact** [10yr truce, and divide eastern europe evenly – USSR wanted finland BUT they didnt get it due to extradionary finnish resistance]
limited to failure to achieve finnish occupancy
expansion post-ww2
- soviet occupation of eastern europe
- creation of satellite states in poland, east germnay, Czechoslovakia,hungary, romania
- 96 mil new people under [indirect] soviet influence
what event had the greatest impact on the development on the russian empire 1855-1964
most significnant
expansion post WW2
* 96mil people under indirect control [russian population was 180mil before this]
* satellite states in poland, east germany, czechoslovakia, hungary, romania
* long term change
what event had the greatest impact on the development on the russian empire 1855-1964
somewhat significant events
- molotov ribbentrop – divided east europe between G and R – gained baltic states+east poland but loss of finland so limited
- civil war – regain control of ukraine, Belarus, central asia, caucauses [but finland, Baltics and romania failed] –regaining land they’d already lost so not expansion… but a reconquering
what event had the greatest impact on the development on the russian empire 1855-1964
least significant
- treaty of Brest-litovsk – 62mil people conceeded, 1/3 of farm+rail lost; BUT limited time, due to terms of treaty of versailles, so not as significant
- treaty of peking- outer manchuria [400,000 square Km] – gain warm water port
- expansion into central asia– gaining of silk road, for trading, also happened over a long time in stages – limit due to amount of people and wealth in the state
themes in** ‘how consistent is the treatment of national minorities across the period’**
- repression
- cultural rights [linguistic/religion/eduction]
- constitution/political rights
tsars repression of minorities
A2
- mainted control through relatively reactive policies, when there was a revolt it was crushed e.g poland in 1863
- response to polish revolt was to clamp down on polish national identity, eg poland/lithunja divided into 10 provincies with military governers
tsars repression of minorities
A3
- JEWS- may 1881, blames for A2 assissiantion so led to a series of pogroms in pale region; eg targeted destruction of jewish property, violence against jewish people
- intro of tempory rules in 1882-
tsars repression of minorities
N2
- continues A3 policies
- 1905 revolution –protest in georgia crushed by 10,000 occuping troops
PG repression of minorities
- pg united by desire to maintain unity of empre borders
- june, finland unilaterally declared independence, PG built up troops on the border, eventuallyb forcing the finns to back down + reincorporated into the empire
commi repression of minorities
lenin
- civil war; used red army to regain control of the nations of ukraine, georgia, azerbaijan and armenia – an attempt to push the revolution west into poland and the baltic states
commi repression of minorities
stalin
- [as a result of MRP, OCCUPYING POLAND] katyn massacre of 20,000 polish officers in 1940 – designed to wipe out army officials
- ethnic cleansing – 600,000 volga germans, 2mil crimean tatars
- stalin resented ‘cosmopolitan jews’ – in 1948, jewish playwright Soloman Mikhoels was murdered on the orders of stalin
- molotov-ribbentrop pact, by 1939 USSR expanded into eastern half of poland,,,
commi repression of minorities
khrushchev
- Hungary 1956- sent tanks, around 3000 killed
- poland
why do tsars repress minorities
preserving 3 pillars of tsarism and wantinmg to become a great power
why do communists repress minorities
spreading commi + maintaining commi
chnages under repression
- more people repressed under communists
- PG is less violent,
what does culture include
- language
- religion
- customs
- eductation
very very brief view of tsars and minorities culture
imperial russian interests conflicted with minorities
what is russification
making everyone russian
when does russification start
starts in poland after 1863 revolt
when did russification peak
in A3/N2
DOESN’T APPLY TO JEWS
Intention of russification
to strengthen the empire
result of of russification.
strengthen nationalist resistrance
communists on culture
- LENIN= ‘declaration of the rights of the people of russia’ means an end russification
- communist ideology: internationalism > nationalism
- SSRs given significant cultural rights
- STALIN AND KHRUSHCHEV = sovietisation= enforcing soviet values ———- collectivisation [sharing stuff], atheist
- sovietisation spreads to satellite states
culture under A2
1855-1881
- resposne to polish revolt 1863: clamped down on polish identity eg russian became official language, cath churches were closed down
- 1869 the uni of warsaw was russified and russian was the only acceptable lang
- in baltic states: between 1855-89 measures were introduced to use russian in all state offices, schools and the legal system
reactive policies
culture under A3
1881-94
- polish language banned in public institutions including schools, administrative buildings
- [JEWS] 1887, minister of education declared there was a maxi limit to jews in secondary and uni, in the pale it was 10%, 3% in the two capitals
- 1883 - banned all non-orthodox churches
culture under N2
1894-1917
- feb manifesto 1899, took powers away from the finnish diet [FINLAND]
- language manifesto 1900, made russian the administrative language** [FINLAND]**
proactive policies
culture under lenin
1917-24
- called russia ‘prison of nations’
- 1917, declaration of the rights of the people of russia; equality and sovereignty of people of russia, abolitioon of all national and religious priviledges and restrictions
- 12th party congress 1923; each state could be taught their own lang
culture under stalin
1928-53
- tolerant leninist policies ended in 1932
- 1936 constition expanded the number of SSRs; kazakhstan, kirghizia were given full republic status within the USSR – in theory gave them their own self-gov and some powers over social and local issues BUT was a cosmetic chnage with little real impact
- 1938 - russian compulsory in all schools in the USSR
- enforced collectivisation
- shuts down jewish schools post WW2
culture under khrushchev
- continuation of stalins policies
continuities in culture
- almost all leaders adopt a form of russification/sovietisation
- minority religions were consistently repressed; for tsars due to 3 pillars, commi due to athesiest reasons
- anti-semitism: TSARS-maxi limit to jews in secondary and uni, 3% in the two capitals. COMMI- shutting down of jews schools post WW2 under stalin
changes in culture
- lenin only leader to not use sovietisaation; gives more cultural freedoms than any other leader - declaration of the rights of the people of russia
- A2- reactive policies; scale of russification is limited mostly to poland
- TSARS attempt to irradicate all minority culture. whereas COMMI are more accepting
- contrast between russification and sovietisation
what do we mean by constitional rights
refers to rights given to minorities in law
* autonomy, poli representation, culture
Tsars have a unitary system/autocratic
* so minorities not recognised/had little power
*Prov.gov = delay due to waiting for constituent assembly
so aim=retain empire until constituent assembly *
Commis have a federal sysytem [under one leader but each state has state control]
* IN THEORY: massive change- SSR’s, satelite states, lots of autonomy
* IN PRACTICE: more limited e.g ban on factions 1921, so looks similiar to TSARS
Constitutional rights under A2
- zemstva was not introduced in minority areas becasue of concerns about giving these groups a voice in local gov
- poland/lituania divided into 10 provinces
Constitutional rights under A3
- bureaucracy was purgered of polish officials and replaced by russians
- 1890 denied jews the vote in county elections
Constitutional rights under N2
- 1910 - ‘law of all empire legislation procedures’ removed most finnish legislative powers from newly established finnish parli to russian duma and state council
- by 1914 only 37/90 provinces had a zemstva
Constitutional rights under lenin
- the 1924 constition outlined, in theory, all of the republics were voluntary apart of the union and had some autonomy to decide local laws and polcies– USSR maintained full control of military, foreign affairs and overseas trade AND republics had right to control economic, health, eductaion, and agri policy
Constitutional rights under stalin
- 1936 constition expanded the number of SSR’s, Kazakhstan and others were given full republic status within the USSR, in theory gave them their own self-gov and some powers over social and local issues BUT MERELY COSMETIC CHANGE WITH LITTLE REAL IMPACT
- in 1951, georgian commi officials attempted to undergo the process of leaving the soviet union, a constititional right they had been granted since 1924, yet stalin had the leadership of georgia purgerd and those organising the movements towards independence were shot
- purge of jews in the soviet bureaucracy
constitional rights under PG
- pressure from below – ukraine a nationalist movement formed a rada [parli]
- their aim was greater autonomy for ukraine within the empre – Lvov ignored the demand, rejecting the rada’s legitimacy
- this strengthened the nationalist cause4 in ukraine and the Rada created a general secretary who acted as an executive of a new ukrainian state
- IN RESPONSE, the** PG was forced to compromise and gave into giving the Rada autonomy **within the russian empire to prevent their seperation
Constitutional rights under Khrushchev
- de-stalinisation didnt intend to give eastern europe autonomy or independence
- but hungary and polish revolt showed they thoight it did
- as a consequence, khrushchev slowed efforts to reform other countries and allowed the stalinists systems to remain in czechslovakia and bulgaria
Continuities of constitional rigjts across the period
- all leaders try to restrict the rights of minorities – voting [tsars, no zemstva’s for areas that were predominately minorities. Commi’s, 1 party state]
- all regimes prevent minorities leaving their control;
Changes of constitional rigjts across the period
- Tsarist unitary/autocracy VS communist federal system
- Commi’s give more autonomy+recognision to the minorities in the form of SSR’s **E.G local policies controlled by them **
- the USSR creates satelite states post 1945
- minorities given the right to leave the USSR; in both 1924 and 1936 constition –BUT IN PRACTICE THIS DOESNT HAPPEN
difference between satelite states and SSR’s
- both under commi party
- BUT SSR’s have slight autonomy/control over themselves
