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history- Russia > A2 reforms in-depth study > Flashcards

A2 reforms in-depth study Flashcards

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1
Q

3 factors in ‘what motivated A2 great reforms’

A
  1. crimean war
  2. liberal beliefs
  3. preserve/stregthen tsarist regime
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2
Q

strengths of crimean war

factors in ‘what motivated A2 great reforms’

A
  1. defeat in crim war interrupted victorious advance since defeat of napolean in 1812
  2. showed weakness - the surrender od Sebastopol, the conditions of the peace of paris 1856
  3. economic factors of serfdom stopped industrialisation
    * serfs serve for 25yrs then free – costly as had to maintain a costly peace-time army + had no reserved to draw on - could only be removed by emancipation
    * N1 - ‘serfdom is an evil, but to touch it now would be disastrous’
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3
Q

weaknesses of crimean war

factors in ‘what motivated A2 great reforms’

A
  1. little evidence of A2 desire to industralise; wanted to increase rail network+military provisions
  2. these problems already existed - over-emphasis on short term
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4
Q

terms of peace of paris 1856

A

deprived russia of its fleet and naval bases on the black sea

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5
Q

strengths of liberal beliefs

factors in ‘what motivated A2 great reforms’

A
  1. in 1837, went to 29 provinces and saw life of avg. serf
  2. liberal views held by tsars since catherine the great
  3. critics of serfdom; Turgenev’s sportsman sketches
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6
Q

weakness of liberal beliefs

factors in ‘what motivated A2 great reforms’

A
  1. influence from inner circle instaed of A2’s beliefs
    * A2’s brother
    * the Milyutin brothers; one of whom who was responsible for terms of emancipation
  2. didnt really liberalise — e.g redemption payments
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7
Q

strengths of preserve/stregthen tsarist regime

factors in ‘what motivated A2 great reforms’

A
  1. serfdom - should come from ‘above’ not ‘below’ to avoid revolution to overthroe tsarism
  2. fear of peasnat revolution; since 1800 there’d been 1467 serf revolts
  3. relaince on serfs
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8
Q

weaknesses od preserve/stregthen tsarist regime

factors in ‘what motivated A2 great reforms’

A
  1. revolts not organised enough to have actual effect on society
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9
Q

modernisation: emanicpation

did A2’s reforms modernise russia

A
  1. legal right to own property, marry who they wanted, could set up their own businesses
  2. peasants guaranteed the right to farm a specific amount of land
  3. serfdom hadnt existed in western europe for 200yrs -so catching up with the west
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10
Q

limits to modernisation: emanicpation

did A2’s reforms modernise russia

A
  1. redemption payments - controlled by the mir so restricted peasant movement
  2. nobles still owned most land – land given was poor quality - struggled to earn enough— financial probs meant other freedoms were meaningless
  3. didnt legally own land until redemption payments paid
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11
Q

modernisation: Zemstva

did A2’s reforms modernise russia

A
  1. ‘third element’ of russia society- as added a more liberal minded middle class
  2. first elected reprensentatives
  3. responsible for local issues
    * building hospitals/schools etc
    * depsite lack of budget, effectively did 1891 famine relief
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12
Q

limits to modernisation: Zemstva

did A2’s reforms modernise russia

A
  1. only reform local gov
  2. ensured local affairs were under control of nobility
  3. slow – only 37/90 by 1917 had zemstva’s
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13
Q

modernisation: legal reforms

did A2’s reforms modernise russia

A
  1. changes to organisation of courts - standardise legal progress
  2. changes to equality – ‘equality before law’
  3. jury trials were introduced, kept secret
  4. judges appointed for life – gave them security that they wouldn’t be removed if they made a just by politically unpopular ruling
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14
Q

modernisation: military

did A2’s reforms modernise russia

A
  1. the shrinking of the army – from 25yrs to 6-9yrs
  2. universal conscription- all classes likely to do service
  3. improvement of training, provision, equipment
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15
Q

modernisation: education

did A2’s reforms modernise russia

A
  1. more school opened – 1856= 8000 primary schools, to 23,000 in 1880
  2. women allowed to go to secondary school
  3. highly controlled by gov [Zemstva]
  4. uni statute in 1863 gave more control to uni’s
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16
Q

limits to modernisation: education

did A2’s reforms modernise russia

A
  1. the university discipline taken away
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17
Q

modernisation: censorship

did A2’s reforms modernise russia

A
  1. relaxed publication of books
  2. foreign publications allowed
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18
Q

limits to modernisation: censorship

did A2’s reforms modernise russia

A
  1. karl marx ‘Dis Kapital’ was published
19
Q

what happened in ?

1856 - 1861 [reactionary]

how liberal was A2?

A

planning to reform – details of emancipationis compromised

20
Q

what happened in ?

1866 [reactionary]

how liberal was A2?

A

suppression of radical newspapers [tempory] –Tolstov as new education minsiter

21
Q

what happened in ?

1867 [reactionary]

how liberal was A2?

A

education + censorship. reform ends

22
Q

when was the shuvalov era [reactionary]

how liberal was A2?

A

1870-80

23
Q

how many revolutionaries killed between 1873-77 [reactionary]

how liberal was A2?

A

1611
* trial of the 50
* trial of the 193

24
Q

what happened in ?

1880 [reactionary]

how liberal was A2?

A

31,000 under supervision of third section

25
Q

what happened in ?

1856 [liberal]

how liberal was A2?

A

loss of crime - plan to emancipate

26
Q

what happened in ?

1861 [liberal]

how liberal was A2?

A

emancipation of serfs

27
Q

what happened in ?

1862 [liberal]

how liberal was A2?

A
  1. uni. statute
  2. military reforms
28
Q

what happened in ?

1864 [liberal]

how liberal was A2?

A

intro of Zemstva

29
Q

what happened in ?

1865 [liberal]

how liberal was A2?

A

judical reforms – jury trial reform
censorship reduction

30
Q

what was 1866 [liberal]

how liberal was A2?

A

THE TURNING POINT

31
Q

what happened in ?

the late 1870’s [liberal]

how liberal was A2?

A

the lois-meilkov constititon
* abolish secret police + move towrads a reprensentative institution
* BUT only a proposal- Bc. A2 killed

32
Q

how far did A2 improve the lives of the russian people?

evidence for ‘A2’s reforms greatly improved the lives of the peasants’

A
  1. emancipation - legal right to own property, marry who they wished, set up their own business
  2. ‘to the people’ movement failed - 1874
  3. militia reforms - conscription length falls from 25yrs to 6-9yrs
  4. legally free - protected under the law
33
Q

evidence against ‘A2’s reforms greatly improved the lives of the peasants’

how far did A2 improve the lives of the russian people?

A
  1. land remained property of nobles
  2. on avg. peasants farmed $20 less than priori to emancipation
  3. redemption payments + 6% interest year on year
    * by 1870, 55% paid redemption back
    * by 1878, 50% had made profit
  4. mir empowered - in charge of paying back redemption payments so peasnats couldn’t leave the Mir – so restriction on peasant movemnet remained
  5. 1159 riots in 1861
34
Q

evidence for ‘A2’s reforms marginally improved the lives of the peasants’

how far did A2 improve the lives of the russian people?

A
  1. 1878 - 50% had made a profit
  2. 1/3 of noble land went to peasnats - ‘cut offs’
  3. mir restricts peasnat movemnet
35
Q

evidence against ‘A2’s reforms marginally improved the lives of the peasants’

how far did A2 improve the lives of the russian people?

A
  1. some peasants had a worse experimce 1861- farmed less land
  2. some peasants improved - Kulaks
36
Q

evidence for ‘A2’s reforms helped the nobles more than the peasnats’

how far did A2 improve the lives of the russian people?

A
  1. continued to hold monolply over jobs in the civil service
    * in 1897, 1000/1400 of top highest ranking civil servants were nobles
  2. Dr’s, lawyers, educational professions were highly likely to be nobles
  3. sold land to reinvest in cities – in 1882, 700 nobles in Moscow owned factories or businesses
  4. A2 reforms ensured nobles kept their priveledge - nobles had greatest impact on voting in local Zemstva [70% majority]
  5. nobles compensated for loss of Serfs via redemption paymenyts - which serfs had to pay back
37
Q

evidence against ‘A2’s reforms helped the nobles more than the peasnats’

how far did A2 improve the lives of the russian people?

A
  1. judical reform - ‘equality before law’
  2. 1861 owned 80% of land but only 40% in 1905 – sold to peasnats
  3. between 1877-1905 –landholdinsg fell from 200 mil to 144 mil acres
  4. universal conscription
  5. loss of serfs/symbolic power and income
  6. third eleemnt
38
Q

evidence for effectiveness of the Narodniks

how effective was opposito to A2

A
  1. formation of land & liberty
    * formed cells in towns & cities
  2. people’s will managed to kill A2
39
Q

evidence for ineffectiveness of the Narodniks

how effective was opposito to A2

A
  1. ‘going to the Narod’ movement, 4000 uni students & teachers displace to countryside with aim of eductaing/encouraging peasants to join a revolution
    * 1000 revolutionists reported to the state by peasnts
    * their actions stopped reforming nature of tsarism and returned to tsar oppression
  2. divisions in the movemnet
40
Q

evidence for effectiveness of the peasants

how effective was opposito to A2

A
  1. emancipation
  2. the prospect of peasant revolution - feared by european elites
  3. post emancipation saw widespread rural discomfort —-1159 riots in 1861
    * Bezdna 1861, saw the military being brought in and killed 100 peasants
41
Q

evidence for ineffectiveness of the peasants

how effective was opposito to A2

A
  1. 1773, 75 pugaches saw a huge uprising as an aim of ending serfdom – didn’t work
  2. the peasants had been repressed in all uprisings
  3. local riots had increased but they were all local in scale, not organised enough to threaten the state
42
Q

evidence for effectiveness of national minorities

how effective was opposito to A2

A
  1. 1861 riots spread, russia briefly losing control of warsaw
  2. 10,000 members in 1863
43
Q

evidence for ineffectiveness of national minorities

how effective was opposito to A2

A
  1. ended up achieving the opposite
    * russification increases

history- Russia (10 decks)

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