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IDH_Psych > Emotions > Flashcards

Emotions Flashcards

1
Q

What are emotions?

A

Complex psychological state - 3 components:

  1. Subjective experience - cognitive appraisal, thoughts/feelings
  2. Physiological reaction - increased blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate (arousal)
  3. Behavioural response - change in expressions, posture, actions
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2
Q

How can emotions and mood be differentiated?

A

Emotions are strong feelings generally aimed at a particular person or thing, and are brief in duration (mins to hours). Emotions expressed with facial expressions and gestures, tone, pitch.

Moods are generally weaker than emotions, and they last longer (several days) and mostly aren’t directed at anyone or anything. Not expressed with body language.

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3
Q

What does Affect mean in relation to emotions and moods?

A

It’s the umbrella that encompasses both emotions and moods - the mother category. Broad range of feelings.

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4
Q

What are the 6 main universal emotions?

A 
Happiness
Sadness
Fear
Surprise
Anger 
Disgust 
(some theorists agree there are 9 main emotions)
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5
Q

What is the function of emotions?

A

Motivation to act - in response to situations
Secondary action - drive of attention - attain goals
Social function - connection/distance
Cognitive function - attention/perception self/others
Memory/recall

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6
Q

What are the 9 affects of Silvan Tomkins 1962 Affect Theory?

A

Positive

  • Interest/excitement
  • Enjoyment/joy

Neutral
* Surprise/startle

Negative

  • Fear/terror
  • Anger/rage
  • Distress/anguish
  • Shame/humiliation
  • Disgust
  • Dissmell
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7
Q

What does Affect theory (Tomkins) conclude about human babies and emotions?

A

All humans born with 9 x universal emotions

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8
Q

What are the 7 x basic emotions according to Ekman?

A
  1. happiness
  2. surprise
  3. sadness
  4. anger
  5. disgust
  6. fear
  7. contempt
  8. recently, added pride
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9
Q

How does Ekman identify different emotions?

A

Facial Expressions (7000 in total), 7 x main emotions

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10
Q

What is one of the main issues with identifying emotionally observing facial expressions?

A

Some emotions are too complex to be captured by a facial expression, i.e. love.
Cultural expression of emotions differs.
Expression of emotion doesn’t necessary match the way we feel emotions.

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11
Q

What impact does culture have on the way emotions are expressed?

A
  • cultural norms influence emotional expression
  • cultural influences start when young
  • cultural expression differs - culture dependent
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12
Q

How could an untrained health worker respond to strong emotion by a patient?

A
  • Empathic curiosity
  • Listen to patient/self
  • Reflect patient thoughts/feelings
  • Be respectful
  • Work with patient to make a plan
  • Offer to follow up
  • Show compassion
  • Lean communication techniques
  • Establish rapport
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13
Q

How to respond emphatically to patients?

A
  • Acknowledge emotions/feelings - identify emotions
  • Find source of emotions
  • Connect with patient
  • Empathy - see things from client perspective
  • Build rapport (improves adherence)
  • Notice anger cues prior to outburst
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14
Q

How to respond to angry patients:

A
  • Stay calm (use mindfulness techniques - subtly)
  • Demonstrate empathy
  • Express concerns for feelings
  • Create time/space for patient to calm
  • Keep safe distance from patient
  • Be aware of own non-verbal cues - ensure calm
  • Leave if unsafe
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15
Q

How to support self when dealing with others’ emotions?

A
  • Reflective practice - recognise own emotions/cause. Evaluate emotions, how impacting interaction with patient
  • Support own emotional health
  • Be aware of similar circumstance in patients to own life - triggers
  • Negative emotions felt could prevent operating with empathy
  • Practice patience
  • Identify any potential issues before appointment
  • Acknowledge any triggered emotion - put aside to deal with later
  • Use self-care strategies before appointment
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16
Q

What are specific ways to anticipate/prepare for difficult client emotions?

A
  • Imagine plethora of client emotional responses
  • Identify appt goals - realistic expectations
  • Set realistic goals of self-performance - empathy, active listening, giving info, discussing options, acknowledge client emotion
  • Workshop your anticipated emotional response with colleague prior to appt.
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17
Q

How could you manage your emotions/self during an appointment?

A 
Be aware of thoughts, feelings, way communicating with client
Be aware of physical symptoms: 
* increased heart rate
* sweaty
* flushed
* quick breathing
* speaking fast
* not listening attentively
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18
Q

How could you respond to your own emotions if they are triggered when with a client?

A
  • Mindful practice - slow, deep breaths
  • Validate patient’s emotion
  • Creat space for both self/client
  • Maintain patient focus - name own emotion - I am feeling frustrated there isn’t more we can do.
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19
Q

How could you respond if you were feeling overwhelmed?

A

Excuse self briefly
Display appropriate emotion - careful
Never lose control - excuse self

20
Q

What could you do if you were upset or triggered after a client appt?

A

Debrief with colleague
Ask colleague to join in next session with client
Seek professional support
Speak to supervisor

21
Q

What is the ABC of CBT:

A

A - activating event
B - belief/thought
C - consequence/feeling

22
Q

List facts about automatic thoughts in the ABC model (CBT):

A
  1. Thoughts in response to events are generally automatic
  2. The way we are feeling prior to the event impacts the type of automatic thoughts
  3. If we are aware of our thoughts, can prevent downward cycles if moods are low
23
Q

What were the six primative passions identified by Descartes in 1649?

A 
Wonder
Love
Hatred
Desire
Joy
Sadness
24
Q

The closer emotions are on the continuum…

A

the harder they are to tell apart.

25
Q

Looking at biology only, where do emotions originate?

A
  • Limbic system - base of skull
  • When active, the limbic system generates negative emotions. When inactive, positive emotions created.
  • Everyone’s limbic system responds differently
  • Women have more active limbic systems (more likely to come depressed/bond with children)
26
Q

What explains the variation in emotional intensity experienced by people?

A

Personality

27
Q

What is the link between emotion and rational thought?

A

Emotion is required in order to generate rational thought - give information regarding perceptions. Sound decisions involve emotion and thought.

28
Q

List some functions of emotion, other than motivation:

A
  • Contribute to rational thought
  • Assist problem-solving (Darwin)
  • Survival i.e. disgust - avoid spoiled food
  • Increases energy - happiness
29
Q

What are the two affects of mood?

A

Positive / negative - high/low spectrum for each
Excited (high) - boredom (low)
Nervous (high) - relaxed (low)
Contentment - mix low positive affect/low negative affect
Sadness - mix low positive affect/high negative affect

30
Q

What is Discrete Emotions Theory?

A

Evolutionary based, genetically determined, small number of emotions that are universal - genetically predetermined physiological responses in every human - baby - smiles 6 weeks recognises face

31
Q

Which emotion is most readily recognised?

A

Happiness

32
Q

According to Ekman, what are secondary emotions?

A

Connected to 7 x primary emotions, nuanced, mixed, i.e. alarm - fear/surprise, and more complex, schadenfreude - happiness, anger, pride

33
Q

What do discrete emotion theorists say is the physical accompaniment to primary emotions?

A

A specific collection of facial expressions - and these expressions trigger physiological responses in the body.

34
Q

Name two discrete emotion theorists?

A

Silvan Tomkins

Paul Ekman

35
Q

What do brain scans reveal about centers that process emotion in the brain?

A

Different emotions are generated in different areas of the brain:
fear - amygdala
disgust - limbic system
anger - pre-frontal cortex

36
Q

What is the facial feedback hypothesis?

A

Changing facial expressions will alter mood/emotions experienced - genuine smiles = positive emotions

37
Q

What is the James-Lange theory of emotion (cognitive theory)?

A

Physiological response occurs to stimuli.
Cognitive analysis of response occurs.
Conclusion draw = emotional response generated

38
Q

What is somatic marker theory (cognitive theory)

A

Somatic means physical - we make decisions about actions and behaviour based on physical or automatic responses (cues - bodily feedback) - i.e. increased heart rate.

Autonomic responses - react so quickly, not conscious of process.

Do we need somatic cues to make decisions?

39
Q

How does the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion differ from that of James-Lang?

A

Cannon-Bard suggest that emotional responses happen at the same time as physical responses to stimuli - happens quickly - Thalamus coordinates both simultaneously.

40
Q

What is Schachter and Singer’s (1962) Two-Factor theory of emotion?

A

There are two steps in generating emotion:

    • same for every emotion - state of arousal
  2. Mind looks to explain the arousal. Once it attaches a reason, emotion is generated/experienced. Labeling of the arousal happens too quickly to notice.

Arousal/release of adrenalin is connected with more intensely experienced emotions. Doesn’t explain why emotions can occur without arousal.

41
Q

Could repeated exposure to stimuli conjure up an emotional response?

A

If exposure to stimuli is subliminal, then yes, it could work to generate emotions automatically. Habituation could explain why this may occur. More exposure = familiarity.

42
Q

What does Zajonc’s (& Darwin’s) Facial Feedback suggest?

A

Biochemical response - physical behaviour cause emotional responses. Supported scientifically (pen in mouth scenario - smiling/interpreted cartoons as funnier). Could also be explained by classical conditioning - assoc happy feelings with smiling.

43
Q

Why are non-verbal cues important in conveying emotion?

A

Non-verbal emotional expression - facial expressions, gestures, postures. Can control emotional response, but not always aware of non-verbal expressions - can give emotions away.
Posture, facial gestures, tone, pitch - all convey/express emotion and are important for providing context/meaning.

44
Q

Why do we need non-verbal expressions of emotion?

A

They convey meaning and context

45
Q

Why is personal space important?

A

Personal space actively created between self and others reflects emotional connection to other person. Cultural norms vary on space/proxemics. Young children have no boundaries - develops as grow.

IDH_Psych (10 decks)

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