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Neuroscience and behaviour > Emotion > Flashcards

Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

emotion

A

states elicited by rewarding or aversive and their omission or termination

not subjectively measuring emotional stimuli

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2
Q

evolutionary considerations with emotion

A
  • fundamental survival value
  • often very similar in diff animals including humans
  • principal organisation of brain is similar along mammalian apecies

all mammals have cortical structures

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3
Q

rat as a model advantages

A
  • easy to breed & keep
  • well-established behavioural tests
  • brain large enough to apply selective manipulations to distinct brain structures & brain anatomy very well characterised
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4
Q

rat as a model disadvantage

A
  • genetic manipulations difficult
  • mice have become more popular when wanting to look at genetic manipulations
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5
Q

hippocampus, amygdala & hypothalamus

in emotion

A
  • Papez theory of emotion
  • Kluver & Bucy’s description of temporal lobe lesion effects in monkeys
  • MacLean’s limbic system theory
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6
Q

papez theory of emotion

1937

A

based on connectivity of these brain regions

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7
Q

kluver & bucy’s description of temporal lobe lesion effects in monkeys

1939

A

lesions –> rage

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8
Q

prefrontal cortex

in emotion

A
  • case of phineas gage
  • Nauta - frontal lobes & interoception
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9
Q

Nauta - frontal lobes and interoception

1971

A
  • thinking structures
  • might be in good shape to be involved in emotions
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10
Q

meso-corticolimbic dopamine system

emotion

A
  • olds & milner - brain-stimulation induced reward
  • wise et al. - neuroleptic-induced anhedonia
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11
Q

How could anxiety & fear be characterised without reference to subjective feelings?

A

a state caused by presence of aversive stimulus

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12
Q

fear and anxiety

A
  • fear: phasic escape/avoidance responses to distinct aversive stim
  • anxiety: tonic response to diffuse aversive situations & is associated with conflict & uncertainty
  • many diff types of fear & anxiety responses, & brain substrates of these diff responses may differ
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13
Q

conditioned fear & amygdala

A
  • classical fear conditioning
  • functional-anatomical model of conditioned fear
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14
Q

classical fear conditioning

A
  • presenting animals with mental cue paired with a fear stim
  • associations
  • conditioned fear responses in test condition
  • triggers range of fear responses
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15
Q

range of fear responses

A
  • defensive beh
  • autonomic arousal
  • hypoalgesia
  • reflex potentiation
  • stress hormones
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16
Q

functional-anatomical model of conditioned fear

A
  • how amygdala contributes in fear
  • lateral amygdala: why its good to associate audio & aversive stim
  • central amygdala –> diff responses
  • restricting the use of fear to donate feelings & using threat-induced defensive reactions for the responses would help avoid misunderstanding
  • fear-conditioning-related plasticity in LA neurons
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17
Q

LA neurons come to fire in response to a tone when tone is paired with a foot shock

explanation

A
  • electrode into LA
  • how does process change
  • before conditioning - respond very little with tone, fear responses not active
  • 5 trials - come to respond to tone
  • 75 trials - fire quite vigorously
  • some sort of plasticity in amygdala during fear conditioning
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18
Q

requirement of lateral & central amygdala in conditioned fear

A
  • lesions of diff amygdala nuclei before conditioning (pass curent through or neurotoxins through brain areas, killing/damaging)
  • lesion effects on conditioned freezing (lesions in CA & LA have low conditioned fear response)
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19
Q

human amygdala

fear

A
  • amygdala impairs conditioned fear
  • amygdala fMRI signals in a conditioned fear paradigm

amygdala activated more so in panic disorder

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20
Q

amygdala impairing conditioned fear

A
  • disorder with specific damage to amygdala
  • skin conductance response - measure of autonomic arousal
  • controls: increased skin conductance response
  • patients: fear conditioning is absent
  • amygdala important in autonomic response in fear conditioning
  • factual learning same for controls & patients
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21
Q

amygdala fMRI signals in a conditioned fear paradigm

A
  • learn to respond to aversive stim
  • metabolic activity
  • look for amygdala activity during conditioning
  • average - not much activity late acquisition, is for early
  • doesnt show anything like rat models do
  • doesnt argue against role of amygdala in humans but argues against fMRI as the method used
22
Q

hippocampus in fear and anxiety

A
  • dorsal & ventral
  • ventral hippocampus & conditioned freezing
  • ventral hippocampus & innate/unconditioned anxiety responses
23
Q

ventral hippocampus & conditioned freezing

Richmond et al. (1999)

A
  • animals get diff lesions
  • underwent fear conditioning
  • control group: intact hippocampus, showed freezing response
  • with lesions, freezing response reduced
  • hippocampus involved in fear conditioning
  • particularly ventral hippocampus involved
24
Q

ventral hippocampus and innate/unconditioned anxiety responses

Kjelstrup et al. (2002)

A
  • elevated plus maze
  • innate e.g. fear of heights
  • healthy normal rat - reflects innate response of fear of heights
  • control & dorsal lesions show normal anxiety responses
  • ventral & complete lesions - more open arm
25
Q

Hippocampal lesions increase the time rats spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze. What does this finding indicate?

A

hippocampal lesions reduce anxiety

26
Q

hippocampus and anxiety disorders

A
  • similarity between effects of hippocampal lesions and anxiolytics
  • decreased hippocampal benzodiazepine receptor binding in panic disorder
27
Q

similarity between effects of hippocampal lesions and anxiolytics

McNaughton & Gray (2000)

A
  • hippocampal lesions reduce anxiety
  • anxiolytic mediated in hippocamps - reduced activity –> reduced anxiety
28
Q

decreased hippocampal benzodiazepine receptor binding in panic disorder

Bremner et al. (2000)

A
  • GABA receptors in hippocampus less for anxiety patients
  • hippocampus too active in patients
29
Q

reward

A
  • object or event that elicits approach and is worked for
  • associated with wanting & liking
30
Q

wanting

A

characterised by ‘feeling’ of desire and approach behs

31
Q

liking

A

characterised by ‘feeling’ of pleasure and other objective responses

32
Q

clinical relevance of rewards

A
  • alterations in the brain substrates of reward-related processes are likely mechanisms underlying addiction
  • our experience of pleasure and desire can also be altered in neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression
33
Q

classical techniques to identify brain substrates of reward

A
  • instrumental conditioning
  • intracranial electrical self-stimulation
  • intracranial drug self-administration
  • intracranial microdialysis to measure NTs associated with rewarding stim
34
Q

instrumental conditioning

reward

A

measure how rewarding a stim is by making subject work for it (lever press)

35
Q

intracranial electrical self-stimulation

reward

A
  • electrodes in diff areas
  • see if work
36
Q

intracranial drug self-administration

reward

A
  • neurochemical mechanisms
  • animal would apply certain drugs into certain areas of brain
  • e.g. compound A into area B
37
Q

intracranial microdialysis to measure NTs associated with rewarding stim

reward

A
  • measure NTs within brain of living animals
  • record neurochemical responses in diff brain areas in response to diff stim
  • probe has a semi-permeable membrane
  • how much much NT found reflects how much of NT in brain region of interest
  • extracellular NT in living
38
Q

nucleus accumbens in dopamine and reward

A
  • mesolimbic dopamine system
  • electrical stimulation of self-stimulation sites in the VTA increases accumbal dopamine levels measured by in vivo microdialysis
  • food increases accumbal dopamine
  • drugs of abuse increase accumbal dopamine
  • blockade of accumbal dopamine transmission blocks the behavioural effects of rewards
39
Q

mesolimbic dopamine system

A
  • originates from VTA
  • projections of dopamine too much of forebrain including NA
  • release of dopamine NA is what signals reward
40
Q

NA & dopamine in humans

A
  • robust activation of human striatum by rewards
  • NA dopamine release during reward anticipation
41
Q

robust activation of human striatum by rewards

schultz (2007)

A
  • diff stim that ppl might find rewarding all activate NA
  • dopamine have excitatory effect possible
42
Q

NA dopamine release during reward anticipation

Schott et al. (2008)

A
  • raclopride replacement measured by PET
  • tracer binds to dopamine receptors
  • more dopamine = less tracer picked up
43
Q

selected elements & connectivity of brain reward circuitry

wise (2002)

A
  • meso-corticolimbic dopamine system
  • cholinergic projection from PPTg to VTA
  • glutamate projections from mPFC to VTA
44
Q

meso-corticolimbic dopamine system

selected elements & connectivity of brain reward circuitry

A
  • rewards increase NAC dopamine
  • systemic & intra-NAC dopamine antagonists block responses normally maintained by reward
  • link to GABA
45
Q

cholinergic projection from PPTg to VTA

selected elements & connectivity of brain reward circuitry

A
  • electrical self-stimulation: animals readily self-stimulate
  • cholinergic drugs are self-administered into VTA
  • link to acetylcholine
  • activates dopamine system –> NA
46
Q

glutamate projections from mPFC to VTA

selected elements & connectivity of brain reward circuitry

A
  • electrical self-stimulation
  • stimulate dopamine release in NAc
  • link to glutamate
47
Q

Rewarding stimuli increase dopamine transmission in NAc, animals work to increase dopamine stimulation within NAc, and dopamine antagonists block some behavioural effects of rewards (e.g. approach or lever pressing). These findings are consistent with which hypothesis?

A
  • NAc dopamine causes pleasure (liking)
  • NAc dopamine causes desires (wanting)
48
Q

measuring liking

A
  • facial expressions to sweet/bitter tastes may serve as objective & direct measures of liking
  • NA shell: role of opioid receptors in liking & of dopamine receptors in wanting (morphine/amphetamine)

morphine increases liking. amphetamine decreases liking, increases wanting

49
Q

overlap between brain substrates of +ve & -ve emotions

A
  • brain substrates of emotional states associated with aversive stim & appetitive stim have originally been studied separately
  • dopamine & NA important in fear & reward
  • forebrain dopamine in classical conditioning
  • injection into NA elicits both appetitive & defensive behs
  • amygdala important in fear & responses to appetitive stim

functional implications

50
Q

DNQX injection into NA for appetitive & defensive behs

A
  • anterior regions = appetitive behs
  • posterior regions = defensive behs
  • effects mediated by dopamine
51
Q

functional implications

brain substrates in +ve/-ve emotions

A
  • common currency of emotion may enable brain to generate adaptive responses based on integrated assessment of +ve/-ve stim
  • brain substrates may not play specific role in emotion but may contribute to fundamental cog processes that are associated with both aversive & appetitive stim

Neuroscience and behaviour (17 decks)

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