Emotion Flashcards
Define EMOTION
A reaction pattern involving EXPERENTIAL, BEHAVIOURAL and PHYSIOLOGICAL elements that help us deal with personally significant events
Define an EXPERENTIAL reaction of emotion
Conscious recognition and labelling of an emotion, i.e., ‘I feel sad’
Define an BEHAVIOURIAL reaction of emotion
A physical action that is afforded by emotional tendency, e.g., running away or making a facial expression - these are likely unconscious
Define an PHYSIOLOGIAL reaction of emotion
- Internal physical reaction
- Preparing the body for future action, like increased heart rate or slowed digestion
Give three functions of an emotional reaction pattern
- Respond to a threat (fear)
- Signal emotions to others and encourage bonding/consolation
- Promote desirable behaviour that is adaptively useful
Define MOOD; what are the three ways in which it differs from an EMOTION?
- Unconscious, low intensity long term emotion
- Particular disposition to respond in a particular emotional way
- For example, if you’re in a bad mood, you may respond hyperbolically to a small inconvenience which would not have bothered you otherwise
Define FEELING
- The experiential component of an emotion
- Subjective experience of an EMOTION
- Coconscious recognition
Define AFFECT
An umbrella term for EMOTION, MOOD, and FEELING
What is a PERCIEVED AFFECT?
Conscious recognition of the intended emotion as expressed by a stimulus, but the emotion is not necessarily felt
What is a FELT AFFECT?
The experience of an emotion as expressed by a stimulus
What is an EXPRESSED AFFECT?
When a stimulus uses features that signal an affect, e.g., to Western ears, minor keys indicate a negative valence
What is an INDUCED AFFECT
When the intended affect expressed by a stimulus is felt/experienced by the receiver
Explain the CIRCUMPLEX MODEL of emotion
- Russell, 1980
- 2 dimensions: Arousal and Valence
Define AROUSAL
The subjective energy levels of an affect
Define VALENCE
- Spectrum of an affect’s positivity/negativity
- Positive VALENCE = ‘good feelings’ and vice-versa
How was CIRCUMPLEX MODEL of emotion extended?
- Mehrabian and Russel, 1980
- PAD: Pleasure Arousal Dominance
- Additional dimension of DOMINANCE added to more finely distinguish between similar emotions like anger and fear
What are the 7 basic emotions? (Ekman, 1990)
Joy, sadness, disgust, anger, fear, surprise and contempt
What are the 4 criteria for Ekman’s basic emotions?
- Distinctive universal signals
- Distinctive physiological signature
- Automatic appraisal mechanism, i.e., a spontaneous reaction to a situation
- Universal antecedent events (common reaction to the same event universally)
Which three emotions are possible additions to the 7 basic emotions?
Amusement, relief and excitement
What are AESTHETIC EMOTIONS?
- Emotions triggered by the perception of beauty
- Invoked by things like music, art, landscape, architecture etc
What are the 2 subcategories of AESTHETIC EMOTION?
ORDINARY EMOTIONS and APPRECIATION OF AESTHETIC VIRTUES
Define ORDINARY AESTHETIC EMOTIONS
Emotions induced by an aesthetic object
How does the APPRECIATION OF AESTHETIC VIRTUES relate to emotion?
- Refers to the ‘feeling’ of the sublime/groove when experiencing art
- Linked with pleasure and displeasure
- Pleasure determined by the intensity of the emotion irrespective its valence (e.g., catharsis)
Give 3 ways in which we can measure emotional response
Self-report, physiological measures and neuro-imaging
Give an example of a self-report measure
- Geneva Emotional Music Scale (GEMS)
- Zentner et al. 2008
- Hierarchical model with three nested layers
- Suggests connections between emotional concepts and the musical features that elicit them
Name the main 6 physiological processes induced by emotion
Increased heart rate, increased respiration rate, Goosebumps, skin temperature/perspiration, pupil size, facial expression
How is respiration rate measured?
Pneumograph
What is a PNEUMOGRAPH?
Apparatus used to measure respiration rate (breathing)
What is the scientific term for ‘Goosebumps’
PILOERECTION
What is PILOERECTION?
The scientific term for Goosebumps
Which physiological processes can be measure using camera technology?
PUPILOMETRY, PILOERECTION, Skin temperature (infrared imaging), facial expression
Which physiological processes can be measured with electrodes?
Skin perspiration and facial expression
What is FACIAL ELECTROMYGRAPHY?
Method of measuring changes in facial muscles using electrodes
What is PUPILOMETRY?
Changes in the size of the pupil
How does NEUROIMAGING work?
fMRI machine assesses the blood oxygen level in different parts of the brain and provides localised real-time markers of activity
How is the AMYGDALA involved in music?
Codes musical valence
How is the NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS involved in music?
Generation of pleasure (motivation, aversion + reward)
How is the HIPPOCAMPUS involved in music?
Involved in the processing of tender emotions like joy, sadness and peacefulness
What is the BRECVEM(A) model?
- Juslin & Vastfjäll, 2008 (2013)
- Acronym listing the main (hypothesised) mechanisms for inducing musical emotion
List the 8 components of the BRECVEM(A) model
Brain Stem Reflex, Rhythmic Entrainment, Evaluative Conditioning, Emotional Contagion, Visual Imagery, Episodic Memory, Musical Expectancy, (Aesthetic Judgement)
Explain the BRAINSTEM REFLEX
- Controls cardiac and respiratory function
- Responds to sudden and loud sounds
Explain RHYTHMIC ENTRAINMENT
- Synchronisation to a isochronous beat
- Can be perceptual, motor, physiological, social
Explain EVALUATIVE CONDITIONING
- Music is unconsciously paired with an emotion
- Associated emotion is experienced upon subsequent hearings of this music
Explain EMOTIONAL CONTAGIAN
- Emotion is induced by a piece of music because the listener perceives the emotional expression of the music, and then ‘mimics’ this expression internally.
- Empathising/relating to the music
What is SUPER-EXPRESSIVE VOICE THEORY?
- Music emulates/exceeds the expressive capacities of the human voice
- Overstimulates the parts of the brain used for speech expression
Explain VISUAL IMAGERY
- The listener conjures an image evoked by the music and responds emotionally (Aesthetically?) to the image
- Metaphorical, cross-modal associations - encultured signals?
Explain EPISODIC MEMORY
- Conscious recollection of a memory paired with a musical stimulus
- Listener emotionally responds to the memory
Explain MUSICAL EXPECTANCY
- A composer can manipulate the real-time expectation of an audience by subverting expectations
- Heavily reliant on encultured modes of listening
Explain AESTHETIC JUDGMENT
- ‘Good’ aesthetic = positive valence
- According to the personal taste of the listener (personal and encultured experience)
List the 7 criteria of AESTHETIC JUDGEMENT (Juslin 2013)
Beauty, Skill, Novelty, Style, Message, Expression and Emotion
