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Part IB Introduction to Music and Science > Emotion > Flashcards

Emotion Flashcards

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1
Q

Define EMOTION

A

A reaction pattern involving EXPERENTIAL, BEHAVIOURAL and PHYSIOLOGICAL elements that help us deal with personally significant events

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2
Q

Define an EXPERENTIAL reaction of emotion

A

Conscious recognition and labelling of an emotion, i.e., ‘I feel sad’

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3
Q

Define an BEHAVIOURIAL reaction of emotion

A

A physical action that is afforded by emotional tendency, e.g., running away or making a facial expression - these are likely unconscious

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4
Q

Define an PHYSIOLOGIAL reaction of emotion

A
  • Internal physical reaction

- Preparing the body for future action, like increased heart rate or slowed digestion

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5
Q

Give three functions of an emotional reaction pattern

A
  • Respond to a threat (fear)
  • Signal emotions to others and encourage bonding/consolation
  • Promote desirable behaviour that is adaptively useful
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6
Q

Define MOOD; what are the three ways in which it differs from an EMOTION?

A
  • Unconscious, low intensity long term emotion
  • Particular disposition to respond in a particular emotional way
  • For example, if you’re in a bad mood, you may respond hyperbolically to a small inconvenience which would not have bothered you otherwise
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7
Q

Define FEELING

A
  • The experiential component of an emotion
  • Subjective experience of an EMOTION
  • Coconscious recognition
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8
Q

Define AFFECT

A

An umbrella term for EMOTION, MOOD, and FEELING

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9
Q

What is a PERCIEVED AFFECT?

A

Conscious recognition of the intended emotion as expressed by a stimulus, but the emotion is not necessarily felt

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10
Q

What is a FELT AFFECT?

A

The experience of an emotion as expressed by a stimulus

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11
Q

What is an EXPRESSED AFFECT?

A

When a stimulus uses features that signal an affect, e.g., to Western ears, minor keys indicate a negative valence

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12
Q

What is an INDUCED AFFECT

A

When the intended affect expressed by a stimulus is felt/experienced by the receiver

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13
Q

Explain the CIRCUMPLEX MODEL of emotion

A
  • Russell, 1980

- 2 dimensions: Arousal and Valence

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14
Q

Define AROUSAL

A

The subjective energy levels of an affect

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15
Q

Define VALENCE

A
  • Spectrum of an affect’s positivity/negativity

- Positive VALENCE = ‘good feelings’ and vice-versa

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16
Q

How was CIRCUMPLEX MODEL of emotion extended?

A
  • Mehrabian and Russel, 1980
  • PAD: Pleasure Arousal Dominance
  • Additional dimension of DOMINANCE added to more finely distinguish between similar emotions like anger and fear
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17
Q

What are the 7 basic emotions? (Ekman, 1990)

A

Joy, sadness, disgust, anger, fear, surprise and contempt

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18
Q

What are the 4 criteria for Ekman’s basic emotions?

A
  • Distinctive universal signals
  • Distinctive physiological signature
  • Automatic appraisal mechanism, i.e., a spontaneous reaction to a situation
  • Universal antecedent events (common reaction to the same event universally)
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19
Q

Which three emotions are possible additions to the 7 basic emotions?

A

Amusement, relief and excitement

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20
Q

What are AESTHETIC EMOTIONS?

A
  • Emotions triggered by the perception of beauty

- Invoked by things like music, art, landscape, architecture etc

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21
Q

What are the 2 subcategories of AESTHETIC EMOTION?

A

ORDINARY EMOTIONS and APPRECIATION OF AESTHETIC VIRTUES

22
Q

Define ORDINARY AESTHETIC EMOTIONS

A

Emotions induced by an aesthetic object

23
Q

How does the APPRECIATION OF AESTHETIC VIRTUES relate to emotion?

A
  • Refers to the ‘feeling’ of the sublime/groove when experiencing art
  • Linked with pleasure and displeasure
  • Pleasure determined by the intensity of the emotion irrespective its valence (e.g., catharsis)
24
Q

Give 3 ways in which we can measure emotional response

A

Self-report, physiological measures and neuro-imaging

25
Q

Give an example of a self-report measure

A
  • Geneva Emotional Music Scale (GEMS)
  • Zentner et al. 2008
  • Hierarchical model with three nested layers
  • Suggests connections between emotional concepts and the musical features that elicit them
26
Q

Name the main 6 physiological processes induced by emotion

A

Increased heart rate, increased respiration rate, Goosebumps, skin temperature/perspiration, pupil size, facial expression

27
Q

How is respiration rate measured?

A

Pneumograph

28
Q

What is a PNEUMOGRAPH?

A

Apparatus used to measure respiration rate (breathing)

29
Q

What is the scientific term for ‘Goosebumps’

A

PILOERECTION

30
Q

What is PILOERECTION?

A

The scientific term for Goosebumps

31
Q

Which physiological processes can be measure using camera technology?

A

PUPILOMETRY, PILOERECTION, Skin temperature (infrared imaging), facial expression

32
Q

Which physiological processes can be measured with electrodes?

A

Skin perspiration and facial expression

33
Q

What is FACIAL ELECTROMYGRAPHY?

A

Method of measuring changes in facial muscles using electrodes

34
Q

What is PUPILOMETRY?

A

Changes in the size of the pupil

35
Q

How does NEUROIMAGING work?

A

fMRI machine assesses the blood oxygen level in different parts of the brain and provides localised real-time markers of activity

36
Q

How is the AMYGDALA involved in music?

A

Codes musical valence

37
Q

How is the NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS involved in music?

A

Generation of pleasure (motivation, aversion + reward)

38
Q

How is the HIPPOCAMPUS involved in music?

A

Involved in the processing of tender emotions like joy, sadness and peacefulness

39
Q

What is the BRECVEM(A) model?

A
  • Juslin & Vastfjäll, 2008 (2013)

- Acronym listing the main (hypothesised) mechanisms for inducing musical emotion

40
Q

List the 8 components of the BRECVEM(A) model

A

Brain Stem Reflex, Rhythmic Entrainment, Evaluative Conditioning, Emotional Contagion, Visual Imagery, Episodic Memory, Musical Expectancy, (Aesthetic Judgement)

41
Q

Explain the BRAINSTEM REFLEX

A
  • Controls cardiac and respiratory function

- Responds to sudden and loud sounds

42
Q

Explain RHYTHMIC ENTRAINMENT

A
  • Synchronisation to a isochronous beat

- Can be perceptual, motor, physiological, social

43
Q

Explain EVALUATIVE CONDITIONING

A
  • Music is unconsciously paired with an emotion

- Associated emotion is experienced upon subsequent hearings of this music

44
Q

Explain EMOTIONAL CONTAGIAN

A
  • Emotion is induced by a piece of music because the listener perceives the emotional expression of the music, and then ‘mimics’ this expression internally.
  • Empathising/relating to the music
45
Q

What is SUPER-EXPRESSIVE VOICE THEORY?

A
  • Music emulates/exceeds the expressive capacities of the human voice
  • Overstimulates the parts of the brain used for speech expression
46
Q

Explain VISUAL IMAGERY

A
  • The listener conjures an image evoked by the music and responds emotionally (Aesthetically?) to the image
  • Metaphorical, cross-modal associations - encultured signals?
47
Q

Explain EPISODIC MEMORY

A
  • Conscious recollection of a memory paired with a musical stimulus
  • Listener emotionally responds to the memory
48
Q

Explain MUSICAL EXPECTANCY

A
  • A composer can manipulate the real-time expectation of an audience by subverting expectations
  • Heavily reliant on encultured modes of listening
49
Q

Explain AESTHETIC JUDGMENT

A
  • ‘Good’ aesthetic = positive valence

- According to the personal taste of the listener (personal and encultured experience)

50
Q

List the 7 criteria of AESTHETIC JUDGEMENT (Juslin 2013)

A

Beauty, Skill, Novelty, Style, Message, Expression and Emotion

Part IB Introduction to Music and Science (11 decks)

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