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Micro > Emerging Infections > Flashcards

Emerging Infections Flashcards

1
Q

H5N1- animal hosts

A

Water fowl, sometimes pig

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2
Q

How often does avian flu cross species boundaries to infect humans

A

rarely

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3
Q

avian flu- genome

A

segmented genome

16H, 9N in various combinations

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4
Q

avian flu- most pathogenic H

A

H5 or H7

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5
Q

How do H5 and H7 become more pathogenic

A

water fowl cary them other poultry flocks where they mutate and recombine

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6
Q

Avian flu implications for humans

A

Risk of it spreading poultry to human or mutating to become more infectious in humans.
People are more likely to become infected in the processing of poultry rather than consumption

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7
Q

Avian flu- tx

A

Neurominidase inhibitors- but there is not enough

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8
Q

Avian flu prevention

A

Hand hygine and reparatory etiquette but that may not be enough

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9
Q

3 Requirements for a viral pandemic

A

Infect humans
Cause serious illness
Human to Human spread

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10
Q

Does H5N1 meet the requirements to be a viral pandemic?

A

It can infect humans
It can cause serious illness
It cannot spread human to human yet- but mutations or a recombination with another flu type may spred the virus

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11
Q

what does MRSA stand for

A

Methicillin Resistant Staph Aureus

Methicillin = oxacillin

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12
Q

How many types of MRSA are there

A

Hospital acquired- been around forever

Community acquired- often confused with spider bites

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13
Q

Dx CA- MRSA

A

Positive MRSA culture w/in 48 hours of hospital admission
No hx of MRSA infxn
No med hx n the last yaer of significant time in medical facilities including surgery and dialysis
no permanent medical devices that pass through skin. ie indwelling catheters

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14
Q

Where did CA MRSA come from?

A

developed on its own, its not a new version of HA- MRSA

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15
Q

CA- MRSA- who is the pt

A

young with no hx of MRSA infection that have extremely close contact with other people
Skin and soft tissue abcesses ie wound infection, pneumonia or bacteremia

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16
Q

CA- MRSA resistance pattern compared to HA

A

much less extensive

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17
Q

Panton Valentine Leucocidin

A

virulence factor found on some strains of CA- MRSA

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18
Q

HA- MRSA who is this patient

A

Old or ill with line or wound infection or pneumonia

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19
Q

Resistance pattern of HA- MRSA

A

Methicillin, fluroquinolones, clindamycin

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20
Q

CA- MRSA-tx

A

Incise and Drain

Use antibiotics when needed

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21
Q

CA- MRSA tx

A

very durable in the environment

has multiple fomites- hands, clothing, equipment

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22
Q

CA- MRSA prevention

A

hand washing and personal cleanliness, keep your wounds covered and dont touch other peoples
dont share personal items liker razors or towels

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23
Q

What type of virus is SARS

A

Coronovirus

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24
Q

SARS transmission

A

Animal to human

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25
Q

What type of diseaes does SARS cause

A

Respiratory illness

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26
Q

Coronovirus causes 30% of what dieses

A

colds

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27
Q

Are coronoviruses mostly upper or lower respiratory infections

A

upper

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28
Q

Cornovirus replication

A

RNA dependent RNA polymerase

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29
Q

SARS symptoms

A

fever, headache, body ache- flue like

3-10 days most pts dev penumonia

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30
Q

Does SARS have a high or low mortality rate for a virus

A

High

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31
Q

What is the SARS containment stratetigy

A

Detect, Isolate, quarantine

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32
Q

What are standard precautions to prevent the spread of SARS

A

hand washing, eye precaution

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33
Q

What are contact precautions to prevent the spread of SARS

A

Gloves and Gown

34
Q

What are airborne precautions to prevent the spread of SARS

A

isolation room with negative pressure

filtering disposable respirator

35
Q

what is the public health definition of isolation. Where does it occur

A

restriction of movement of sick people with an infectious disease
This can be at the hospital, home, or special facility

36
Q

What is the public health definition of quarantine, where does it occur, what are the levels

A

Isolating healthy people thought to have been exposed to a disease.
This usually occurs at the home but can be in the hospital or dedicated facility
This can be at the individual, community, or population level

37
Q

How is West Nile virus spread

A

Animal –> mosquito –> humans

38
Q

What is the dead end host for west hile virus

A

Humans

39
Q

Is West nile ever transfered human to human

A

rarely in blood transfusions or breast milk

40
Q

what are the symptoms of West nile viurs

A

people rarely get ill but 20% of people get flu like symptoms

41
Q

More severe sequellea of West Nile Disease

A

West nile encephalitis/ Meningitis

West nile poliomyelitis

42
Q

what are the symptoms of the more severe west nile virus

A

headache, fever, stiff neck, stupor, disorientation, coma, tremors, weakness, paralysis

43
Q

What age population is at the greatest risk for west nile virus

A

aged 50 yrs or older

44
Q

West nile virus diagnosis, how is made clinically and with labs

A

clinical symptoms + Hx

Anti west nile IgM

45
Q

West NIle virus treatment

A

None

46
Q

What is the main focus of prevention of west nile treatment

A

avoid misquito bites

47
Q

What types of things is cyclosporias associated with

A

tap water and poorly cleaned produce

48
Q

What organ system does Cyclosporia affect

A

GI

49
Q

what are the symptoms of Cyclosporia infection

A 
Diarrhea
Cramps
Dehydration
Bloating
Constipation
Nausea
50
Q

What is the treatment for Cyclosporias

A

Trimethoprim

51
Q

What are the complications of cyclosporias if they are left untreated

A

Reiter’s syndrome

Guillain Barre syndrome

52
Q

What are the symptoms of Reithers syndrome, when does this occur

A

After several weeks of infection
Ocular inflammation - conjucntivitis, iritis, episclaritis
inflammatory oligoarthritis
sterile urethritis

53
Q

How long does the diarrhea from cyclosporias last

A

6 weeks

54
Q

H1N1- is a combination of which types of flu viruses

A

Avian, Human, Swine, Eurasian Swine

55
Q

Who is most commonly infected with H1N1, why?

A

younger cohort. b/c they have never seen it before

0-24

56
Q

What age range has the highest mortality for H1N1?

A

middle aged- 25-49

57
Q

Why is there a rise in Tb

A

Non compliance

Tx requires 3 drugs and mental status, socioeconomic status all contribute to Tb resistance

58
Q

How has AIDS changed Tb

A

Pt are younger
MDR Tb
Inc in primary infections

59
Q

Can we cure Tb

A

No but we can prevent transmission

60
Q

What strains of Legionella cause diseases

A

Legionella pneumophillia and other species

61
Q

What diseases are caused by Legionella

A

Legionaires disease

Pontiac Fever

62
Q

What is the mortality of Legionnaire’s disease

A

10-17%

63
Q

What is pontiac fever

A

more mild, self limiting form of Legionnaires

64
Q

What is the mortality of pontiac fever

A

0

65
Q

How is Legionnaires transmitted

A

contaminated aerosols ie cooling towers, showers, faucets, aspiration of contaminated water

66
Q

How is Legionnaire’s diagnosed

A

Legionnela Ag in urine
Culture
DFA staining

67
Q

How is Legionnella Tx

A

macrolides and quinolones

68
Q

what viruses cause hemorrhagic fever

A

Ebola and Marburg

69
Q

What is the relative mortality of Ebola

A

High

70
Q

What is Ebola Reservoir

A

think zoonotic but not sure

71
Q

what is the relative mortality of Marburg

A

High

72
Q

how is Marburg transmitted

A

don’t know how it is transmitted from animals to humans

73
Q

Hantavirus timeline

A

1-3 weeks post exposure get symptoms
fever, chills, muscle aches
Then abrupt onset of respiratory distress and SOB

74
Q

What is a major symptom of Hantavirus

A

Thrombocytopenia

75
Q

What is Hantavirus transmission

A

Animal to human

76
Q

How is hantavirus transmitted to humans

A

Inhalation of urine, saliva, or droppings of deer mice

77
Q

What is the most common cause of outbreaks of gastroentoritis in the US

A

Noro virus

78
Q

How is norovirus identified

A

EM

79
Q

What are the symptoms of Norovirus

A

Explosive onset but self limiting

80
Q

Key work for Norovirus

A

Cruise ships

Micro (10 decks)

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