emergencies pt3 Flashcards
1
Q
HBC
A
hit by car
- Fractures
- Internal injuries such as ruptured liver, spleen, bladder, Internal hemorrhage
- Head trauma
- Skin wounds
- Degloving injuries
2
Q
what should you communicate to clients in regards to HBC
A
All HBC animals must be examined by a veterinarian
3
Q
what should you communicate to clients in regards to musculoskeletal emergencies
A
- Animal may be extremely painful – muzzle!
- Minimize movement
- Can use a board, piece of plywood, large towel – to transport
- Owner should not attempt to splint a fracture
4
Q
common types of musculoskeletal emergencies
A
paralysis
fractures
5
Q
anuria
A
no urine production
6
Q
oliguria
A
decreased urine production
7
Q
polyuria
A
increased urine production
8
Q
clinical signs of urinary emergencies
A
Depression, dehydration, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, ataxia, seizures
9
Q
common signalment/signs for urinary obstruction
A
- Cat that is straining in litter box
- Owner’s commonly think is constipated
- Failure to use litter box
- Cat is painful, vocal in litter box
- Excessive grooming of genitalia
10
Q
initial treatment for urinary obstruction
A
IV catheterization, sedation, IV fluids, urinary catheterization, surgery
11
Q
causes of electric shock
A
chewing on electric cords
12
Q
clinical signs for electric shock
A
- Thermal burns on mouth, lips, tongue, gums, oral cavity
- Cardiac arrhythmias: ventricular tachycardia & ventricular fibrillation
- Respiratory distress; pulmonary edema
- Cardiac arrest
13
Q
initial treatment for electric shock
A
- CPR
- IV catheter
- Caution using IV fluids
- Tracheostomy
- O2 therapy
- Wound treatment
14
Q
passive rewarming
A
uses patient’s own ability to
produce heat
15
Q
active rewarming
A
should be placed near areas
with large blood supply…neck, abdomen
16
Q
active core rewarming
A
- Warmed IV fluids
- Pleural/peritoneal lavage (uncommon)
- Warmed O2 (uncommon)
- Warm enemas (uncommon)
17
Q
signs of frostbite
A
- Skin is pale, then scaling or sloughing after it warms
- Can turn dark or black after thawing, if very severe
18
Q
causes of hyperthermia
A
- Overexertion
- Physiologic reduction of heat dissipation – brachycephalic patients
- Being locked in a vehicle on a hot day
19
Q
clinical signs of hyperthermia
A
- Depressed, obtunded, comatose, seizing
- Panting, dyspnic, hyperemic
- MM-bright red, CRT <1 sec to prolonged, bloody stools, vomiting
20
Q
initial treatment of hyperthermia
A
- Room temperature water
- Fan
- Room temperature IV fluids
- Stop cooling methods 103-103.5◦F
21
Q
secondary complications of hyperthermia
A
- Serious condition with guarded prognosis
- Cardiac failure
- GI damage endotoxemia
- CNS damage
- Respiratory damage
22
Q
appropriate methods of decontamination
A
- topical exposure
- induce vomiting
23
Q
several methods to induce vomiting
A
apomorphine
hydrogen peroxide
xylazine/dexmedetomidine
24
Q
several toxins where emesis is contraindicated
A
- if it burns on the way down, it can burn on the way up
- contraindicated for rodents, rabbits, large animals
- acids, bases, petroleum distillates
25
process of a gastric lavage
- Sedation, light anesthesia
- large bore stomach tube passed
- Large amounts of warm water are administered & then recovered by siphon
26
activated charcoal
* Porous, large surface area; absorbent
* Toxins such as ethanol, methanol, bleach & xylitol do not bind
* Available as a suspension or powder
- can use after gastric lavage
27
antidotes to give when emesis is contraindicated for petroleum based toxins
Give one ounce of mineral or vegetable oil orally
28
antidotes to give when emesis is contraindicated for strong acids
give an antacid (base) such as milk or magnesia or baking soda orally
29
antidotes to give when emesis is contraindicated for strong alkalis
Give lemon juice or vinegar (acid) diluted with equal amounts of water orally
30
difference between 1st gen and 2nd gen rodenticides and examples
1st generation – depress clotting factors for 7 -10 days
* Warfarin (Rodex, Blitz, Rid-a-Rat), Courmarin
2nd generation – depress clotting factors for 3-4 weeks
* Brodifacoum (D-Con, Havac, Jaguar, Warrior Chunks)
* Bromadiolone (Hawk, Just One Bite)
* Difethialone (D-Cease, Generation, Hombr)
* Diphacinone (Assassin, Tomcat, Ditrac)
* Pindone (Enforcer Rate Bait)
31
effects of rodenticides
Slow coagulation; coagulopathy hemorrhage & death
32
clinical signs of rodenticides
* Lethargy, vomiting, weakness, pallor
* Melena, epistaxis, bloody vomit, hematuria, gingival bleeding, prolonged bleeding, dyspnea, hematomas, bruising
* Acute death – hemorrhage into pleural space, abdomen, pericardial sac, mediastinum
33
treatments of rodenticides
* Emesis
* Activated charcoal
* Vitamin K1
* Injection initially
* Oral capsules for 14-21 days
* Blood transfusion, plasma
* Oxygen therapy
* Thoracentesis
34
effects and treatment of cholecalciferol
metabolized and converted to Vitamin D3, body retains calcium, tissue mineralization; emesis, gastric lavage & activated charcoal
35
effects and treatments of bromethalin
Causes cerebral edema and loss of function; emesis, gastric lavage & activated charcoal
36
effects of antifreeze poisoning
EG, metabolized in liver, oxalic acid, forms insoluble calcium
oxalate crystals in renal tubules, acute renal failure & severe metabolic acidosis
37
clinical signs of antifreeze poisoning
* Initially (12 hours)- Depression, PU/PD, vomiting, anorexia, hypothermia, seizures; Animals may act intoxicated
* 12-24 hours – Tachycardia, tachypnea
* 24-72 hours – more severe signs and oliguric renal failure
38
treatments of antifreeze poisoning
* Fomepizole or 4-methylprazole (4-MP) (Antizol®)
* Ethanol (grain alcohol) and sodium bicarbonate
39
effects of chocolate toxicity
Nervous system stimulation, seizures, cardiac arrhythmias, coma and death
40
clinical signs of chocolate toxicity
Vomiting and diarrhea from the fat & sugar consumption - signs depend on type
41
treatments of chocolate toxicity
* Induce vomiting
* Gastric Lavage
* Activated charcoal
* IV fluids, medications to control vomiting and seizures
42
most toxic chocolate
baking chocolate
43
least toxic chocolate
milk chocolate
