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vtt 212 - surgery tech 2 > emergencies pt3 > Flashcards

emergencies pt3 Flashcards

1
Q

HBC

A

hit by car

  • Fractures
  • Internal injuries such as ruptured liver, spleen, bladder, Internal hemorrhage
  • Head trauma
  • Skin wounds
  • Degloving injuries
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2
Q

what should you communicate to clients in regards to HBC

A

All HBC animals must be examined by a veterinarian

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3
Q

what should you communicate to clients in regards to musculoskeletal emergencies

A
  • Animal may be extremely painful – muzzle!
  • Minimize movement
  • Can use a board, piece of plywood, large towel – to transport
  • Owner should not attempt to splint a fracture
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4
Q

common types of musculoskeletal emergencies

A

paralysis
fractures

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5
Q

anuria

A

no urine production

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6
Q

oliguria

A

decreased urine production

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7
Q

polyuria

A

increased urine production

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8
Q

clinical signs of urinary emergencies

A

Depression, dehydration, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, ataxia, seizures

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9
Q

common signalment/signs for urinary obstruction

A
  • Cat that is straining in litter box
  • Owner’s commonly think is constipated
  • Failure to use litter box
  • Cat is painful, vocal in litter box
  • Excessive grooming of genitalia
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10
Q

initial treatment for urinary obstruction

A

IV catheterization, sedation, IV fluids, urinary catheterization, surgery

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11
Q

causes of electric shock

A

chewing on electric cords

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12
Q

clinical signs for electric shock

A
  • Thermal burns on mouth, lips, tongue, gums, oral cavity
  • Cardiac arrhythmias: ventricular tachycardia & ventricular fibrillation
  • Respiratory distress; pulmonary edema
  • Cardiac arrest
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13
Q

initial treatment for electric shock

A
  • CPR
  • IV catheter
  • Caution using IV fluids
  • Tracheostomy
  • O2 therapy
  • Wound treatment
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14
Q

passive rewarming

A

uses patient’s own ability to
produce heat

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15
Q

active rewarming

A

should be placed near areas
with large blood supply…neck, abdomen

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16
Q

active core rewarming

A
  • Warmed IV fluids
  • Pleural/peritoneal lavage (uncommon)
  • Warmed O2 (uncommon)
  • Warm enemas (uncommon)
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17
Q

signs of frostbite

A
  • Skin is pale, then scaling or sloughing after it warms
  • Can turn dark or black after thawing, if very severe
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18
Q

causes of hyperthermia

A
  • Overexertion
  • Physiologic reduction of heat dissipation – brachycephalic patients
  • Being locked in a vehicle on a hot day
19
Q

clinical signs of hyperthermia

A
  • Depressed, obtunded, comatose, seizing
  • Panting, dyspnic, hyperemic
  • MM-bright red, CRT <1 sec to prolonged, bloody stools, vomiting
20
Q

initial treatment of hyperthermia

A
  • Room temperature water
  • Fan
  • Room temperature IV fluids
  • Stop cooling methods 103-103.5◦F
21
Q

secondary complications of hyperthermia

A
  • Serious condition with guarded prognosis
  • Cardiac failure
  • GI damage  endotoxemia
  • CNS damage
  • Respiratory damage
22
Q

appropriate methods of decontamination

A
  • topical exposure
  • induce vomiting
23
Q

several methods to induce vomiting

A

apomorphine
hydrogen peroxide
xylazine/dexmedetomidine

24
Q

several toxins where emesis is contraindicated

A
  • if it burns on the way down, it can burn on the way up
  • contraindicated for rodents, rabbits, large animals
  • acids, bases, petroleum distillates
25
Q

process of a gastric lavage

A
  • Sedation, light anesthesia
  • large bore stomach tube passed
  • Large amounts of warm water are administered & then recovered by siphon
26
Q

activated charcoal

A
  • Porous, large surface area; absorbent
  • Toxins such as ethanol, methanol, bleach & xylitol do not bind
  • Available as a suspension or powder
  • can use after gastric lavage
27
Q

antidotes to give when emesis is contraindicated for petroleum based toxins

A

Give one ounce of mineral or vegetable oil orally

28
Q

antidotes to give when emesis is contraindicated for strong acids

A

give an antacid (base) such as milk or magnesia or baking soda orally

29
Q

antidotes to give when emesis is contraindicated for strong alkalis

A

Give lemon juice or vinegar (acid) diluted with equal amounts of water orally

30
Q

difference between 1st gen and 2nd gen rodenticides and examples

A

1st generation – depress clotting factors for 7 -10 days
* Warfarin (Rodex, Blitz, Rid-a-Rat), Courmarin

2nd generation – depress clotting factors for 3-4 weeks
* Brodifacoum (D-Con, Havac, Jaguar, Warrior Chunks)
* Bromadiolone (Hawk, Just One Bite)
* Difethialone (D-Cease, Generation, Hombr)
* Diphacinone (Assassin, Tomcat, Ditrac)
* Pindone (Enforcer Rate Bait)

31
Q

effects of rodenticides

A

Slow coagulation; coagulopathy hemorrhage & death

32
Q

clinical signs of rodenticides

A
  • Lethargy, vomiting, weakness, pallor
  • Melena, epistaxis, bloody vomit, hematuria, gingival bleeding, prolonged bleeding, dyspnea, hematomas, bruising
  • Acute death – hemorrhage into pleural space, abdomen, pericardial sac, mediastinum
33
Q

treatments of rodenticides

A
  • Emesis
  • Activated charcoal
  • Vitamin K1
  • Injection initially
  • Oral capsules for 14-21 days
  • Blood transfusion, plasma
  • Oxygen therapy
  • Thoracentesis
34
Q

effects and treatment of cholecalciferol

A

metabolized and converted to Vitamin D3, body retains calcium, tissue mineralization; emesis, gastric lavage & activated charcoal

35
Q

effects and treatments of bromethalin

A

Causes cerebral edema and loss of function; emesis, gastric lavage & activated charcoal

36
Q

effects of antifreeze poisoning

A

EG, metabolized in liver, oxalic acid, forms insoluble calcium
oxalate crystals in renal tubules, acute renal failure & severe metabolic acidosis

37
Q

clinical signs of antifreeze poisoning

A
  • Initially (12 hours)- Depression, PU/PD, vomiting, anorexia, hypothermia, seizures; Animals may act intoxicated
  • 12-24 hours – Tachycardia, tachypnea
  • 24-72 hours – more severe signs and oliguric renal failure
38
Q

treatments of antifreeze poisoning

A
  • Fomepizole or 4-methylprazole (4-MP) (Antizol®)
  • Ethanol (grain alcohol) and sodium bicarbonate
39
Q

effects of chocolate toxicity

A

Nervous system stimulation, seizures, cardiac arrhythmias, coma and death

40
Q

clinical signs of chocolate toxicity

A

Vomiting and diarrhea from the fat & sugar consumption - signs depend on type

41
Q

treatments of chocolate toxicity

A
  • Induce vomiting
  • Gastric Lavage
  • Activated charcoal
  • IV fluids, medications to control vomiting and seizures
42
Q

most toxic chocolate

A

baking chocolate

43
Q

least toxic chocolate

A

milk chocolate

vtt 212 - surgery tech 2 (13 decks)

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