emergencies pt2 Flashcards

1
Q

how to assess/triage a CNS emergency patient

A
  • level of consciousness
  • does the animal know its surroundings
  • can it visually focused
  • walking normally
  • pupil size
  • seizure activity
  • pain response
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2
Q

common causes of CNS emergencies

A

trauma
contusions
lacerations
hemorrhage
edema
hypoxia - decreased perfusion
brain damage

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3
Q

initial treatments for CNS emergencies

A
  • correct hypoxia and hypovolemia
  • o2 supplementation
  • IV fluids
  • mannitol - osmotic diuretic
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4
Q

when are seizures an emergency

A

continuous unrelenting seizure activity (status epilepticus); lasts more than 10 minutes

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5
Q

causes and initial treatment for seizures

A

Infectious, head injuries, liver disease, OP toxicity, epilepsy,
neoplasia, metabolic disorders

◦ Focus on stabilization of major organs (CV, RSP, CNS)
◦ IV catheter
◦ Diazepam or Midazolam
◦ Phenobarbital
◦ Propofol

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6
Q

common clinical signs for GI emergencies

A

◦ Dysphagia, regurgitation, gagging, vomiting
◦ Nonproductive retching, abdominal pain
◦ Diarrhea, flatulence, dyschezia, hematochezia, constipation

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7
Q

what is a GDV

A

Stomach fills with gas (Dilatation) and twists/rotates (volvulus)

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8
Q

common signalment for GDV

A

Compression of the vena cava, decreased venous return, decreased cardiac output, decreased blood pressure & tissue perfusion including the heart

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9
Q

clinical signs of a GDV

A

nonproductive retching, abdominal distention & restlessness

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10
Q

treatment for GDV

A

◦ IV catheter with crystalloid & colloid boluses
◦ Antibiotics & analgesics
◦ Pass stomach tube to relieve distention
◦ Can trocarize
◦ Emergency surgery

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11
Q

how can a GDV be prevented

A

Gastropexy (stomach tack)

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12
Q

common causes of ocular emergencies

A

◦ Foreign bodies
◦ Corneal ulcers

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13
Q

initial treatment for ocular emergencies

A

◦ Analgesia
◦ Sedation & anesthesia
◦ Surgery
◦ Topical ophthalmic meds
◦ Topical antibiotics

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14
Q

some ways to communicate with a client during a potential reproductive emergency

A

◦ When is the pet due?
◦ Do you notice any discharge What color? Foul odor?
◦ How long been having contractions?
◦ How long between delivery?
◦ Do you see a pup or kitten coming out? How long?
◦ Can you take a rectal temperature?

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15
Q

criteria to determine if labor and delivery has become an emergency

A

◦ Strong labor lasting more than 30 minutes with no puppy/kitten produced
◦ More than 2 hours between puppies or kittens without contractions
◦ Fetus stuck in birth canal
◦ Green tinged discharge without a fetus
◦ Excessive amount of bright red blood

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16
Q

what is a pyometra and why can it be an emergency

A

pus filled uterus; can cause septic shock

17
Q

causes of anaphylaxis

A

Drugs, vaccines, food, snake bite, insect bites, blood products

18
Q

clinical signs of anaphylaxis

A

Severe - Hyperthermia, hypotension, bronchoconstriction,
tachypnea, seizures, laryngeal & pulmonary edema

Less severe – Vomiting, diarrhea, facial swelling, hives, pruritis

19
Q

initial treatment for anaphylaxis

A

◦ Ensure patent airway - O2 supplementation
◦ IV fluids
◦ Antihistamines, corticosteroids, epinephrine
◦ Monitoring

20
Q

common venomous snakes in US

A

coral snake
copperhead
water moccasins (cottonmouth)
rattlesnakes

21
Q

do those snakes produce hemotoxin or neurotoxin in venom

A

coral - neurotoxin
copperhead - hemotoxin
water moccasins - hemotoxin
rattlesnakes - both

22
Q

clinical signs and treatment for hemotoxin

A

swelling, discharge, pain, hypotension, thrombocytopenia,
petechia, bruising, coagulation abnormalities, cardiac arrhythmias

  • antivenin within first 4 hours, IV catheter & fluids, antihistamines, antibiotics
23
Q

clinical signs and treatment for neurotoxin

A

paralysis & CNS depression, Muscle fasciculations, spasms, paralysis & respiratory failure

O2 supplementation, supporting clinical signs - No current antivenin

24
Q

most common poisonous spiders in US

A

black widow
brown recluse

25
Q

clinical signs and treatment for black widow

A
  • No tissue trauma at site
  • not painful; hard to diagnose
  • Muscle cramping
  • tachycardia
  • hypertension
  • respiratory failure

◦ Treatment – antivenin, benzodiazepine tranquilizer, supportive care

26
Q

clinical signs and treatment for brown recluse

A

tissue necrosis, anemia, fever, joint pain, vomiting

Fluids, anti-inflammatories, analgesics, wound treatment
◦ No antivenin