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Year 2- Anatomy > Embryology of the GIT > Flashcards

Embryology of the GIT Flashcards

1
Q

How many days can it take from fertilisation to the implantation of a blastocyte?

A

5-6 days

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2
Q

Which gene is a transcription factor for establishing left sidedness?

->this can mean that structures which should be on the right of the body end up in the left etc :)

A

PTX2

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3
Q

When does the bilaminar disc turn into the trilaminar disc?

A

Week 3

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4
Q

What is the name of the process by which the bilaminar germ disc turns into the trilaminar germ disc?

A

Gastrulation

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5
Q

RECAP- name the three layers of the trilaminar disc

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

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6
Q

Which stage of development could organ malformation occur and why might this happen?

A

Any time during the organogenesis period from weeks 3-8 and can occur due to exposure to teratogenic substances like drugs or viruses

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7
Q

Name a common teratogenic drug which causes limb abnormalities and must be avoided during pregnancy?

A

Thalidomide

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8
Q

List the different things which arise and develop from the embryonic ectoderm.

A

Skin, CNS, ear, nose.

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9
Q

List the different things which arise and develop from the embryonic endoderm.

A

Epithelial lining of resp. system, GIT, bladder, pancreas, glands, liver.

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10
Q

List the different things which arise and develop from the embryonic mesoderm.

A

Muscles, bones, cartilage, dermis.

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11
Q

Just checking you were paying attention, and considering this is GIT embryology…what is the embryological origin for the epithelial lining of the GI and parenchymous cavities?

A

Endoderm

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12
Q

RECAP- when the lateral plate mesoderm splits, what are the two new mesoderm layers?

A

Parietal and visceral mesoderm

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13
Q

Which mesoderm layer lines the gut tube?

A

Visceral mesoderm

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14
Q

Which mesoderm layer lines body cavities?

A

Parietal mesoderm

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15
Q

What is the gut tube formed by?

A

Endodermal lining of the yolk sac

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16
Q

What is the gut tube closed by at the cranial end?

A

Oropharyngeal membrane

->think the pharynx is nearer the head, hence cranial end :)

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17
Q

What is the gut tube closed by at the caudal end?

A

Cloacal membrane

->think c=c, caudal=cloacal

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18
Q

When the gut tube is formed its connection to the yolk sac becomes smaller. The gut tube is only connected to the umbilical cord by a duct, what is the name of this duct?

A

Vitelline duct.

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19
Q

Which part of the gut tube does the oesophagus develop from?

A

Cranial part

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20
Q

Where in the foregut do lung buds develop from?

A

Ventral wall of foregut

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21
Q

What is the mesentery in terms of embryology?

A

Double layer of peritoneum which hangs the gut tube from the body wall

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22
Q

What are the two layers of mesentery?

A

Ventral and dorsal

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23
Q

What is the embryological origin of mesentery?

A

Mesoderm

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24
Q

Where does the foregut extend from and to?

A

Extends from the lung bud diverticulum to the bile duct opening of the duodenum.

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25
Q

How is the stomach formed?

A

The part of the foregut caudal to the oesophagus dilates and creates the greater and lesser curvatures.

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26
Q

Which nerve supplies the anterior part of the stomach?

A

Left vagus nerve

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27
Q

Which nerve supplies the posterior part of the stomach?

A

Right vagus nerve

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28
Q

What is the mesentery of the stomach known as?

A

Mesogastrium

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29
Q

What does the mesogastrium do?

A

Attaches the stomach to the dorsal and ventral wall

30
Q

Where would you find the lesser omentum?

A

Between the liver and the lesser curvature of the stomach

31
Q

Where would you find the greater omentum?

A

Between the greater curvature of the stomach and the transverse colon

32
Q

What does the transverse mesocolon do?

A

Connects the transverse colon to the posterior wall of the abdomen

33
Q

What is the duodenum formed from?

A

The caudal part of the foregut and the cranial part of the midgut

34
Q

What is the blood supply for the dudenum?

A

As it is formed from the foregut and the midgut, it has two blood supplies, coeliac trunk and superior mesenteric artery

35
Q

At what stage do liver buds devlop?

A

Week 3

36
Q

What do the liver buds give rise to?

A

Gallbladder
Cystic duct
Bile duct

37
Q

Where do the falciform ligament and lesser omemtum form from?

A

Ventral mesentery

38
Q

In which week of development does the bile duct form?

A

Week 12

39
Q

What is the origin of the spleen?

A

Mesodermal

40
Q

What colonises the spleen during weeks 15-17?

A

T lymphocytes

41
Q

When and why does the spleen start its lymphoid function?

A

Week 23 because the B lymphocytes precursor cells arrive

42
Q

What is the origin of the pancreas?

A

Endodermal

43
Q

What can incomplete separation of the lung bud result in?

A

Oesophageal atresia and tracheo-oesophageal fistula

44
Q

What is meant by atresia?

A

Absence of opening

45
Q

What is meant by fistula?

A

Abnormal connection between two parts of two structures

46
Q

Where does the midgut extend from and end at?

A

Extends from the opening of bile duct to proximal 2/3rds of the transverse colon

47
Q

Which process forms the umbilical cord?

A

Physiological umbilical herniation.

48
Q

When the midgut loop elongates, what does it differentiate into?

A

Part of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ascending colon and 2/3 of the transverse colon

49
Q

When do cecal buds develop?

A

Week 6

50
Q

What grows from the caecum?

A

The appendix

51
Q

What is the mesentery of the appendix called?

A

Mesoappendix

52
Q

What is the mesentery of the small intestine called?

A

Mesentery proper

53
Q

What is the mesentery of the transverse colon called?

A

Transverse metacolon

54
Q

What are some of the common developmental abnormalities of the midgut?

A

Stenosis
Malrotation

55
Q

What is meant by omphalocele?

A

Failure of retraction of the insestinal loop through the umbilical ring (week 10)

56
Q

in 2-4% of people, remnants of the vitelline duct remain. What can they form?

A

Fistula/ cyst/ ligament/ Meckel’s diverticulum

57
Q

What may cause stenosis of an opening?

A

Vascular incidents, possibly thrombosis, or twisting of the bowel

58
Q

Where does the hindgut start and end?

A

Distal 1/3 transverse colon to the anal canal.

59
Q

Which parts of the hindgut come from endoderm origin?

A

Distal 1/3rd transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum
and upper part of the anal canal.

60
Q

Which parts of the hindgut come from ectoderm origin?

A

Lower part of the anal canal and anal orifice

61
Q

What happens to the cloacal membrane in the hindgut at 7wks?

A

It ruptures

62
Q

What supplies the foregut?

A

Coeliac artery

63
Q

What supplies the midgut?

A

Superior mesenteric artery

64
Q

What supplies the hindgut?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

65
Q

What supplies the anal canal above the pectinate line?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

66
Q

What supplies the anal canal below the pectinate line?

A

Internal pudendal artery

67
Q

Describe what happens in an urorectal fistula, a hindgut developmental anomaly

A

Rectum has connection with the uthera

68
Q

Describe what happens in an rectovaginal fistula, a hindgut developmental anomaly

A

Rectum has connetion with the vagina

69
Q

Describe what happens in an rectoperineal fistula, a hindgut developmental anomaly

A

Rectum has connection with the perineum

70
Q

What happens if the cloacal membrane fails to perforate?

A

Foetus is born with an imperforated anus.

71
Q

VIDEOS TO WATCH ON PP IF YOU WANT GAL

A

I know you don’t but it might help x

Year 2- Anatomy (14 decks)

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