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Principles > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

How many weeks does pregnancy last?

A

38-40 weeks

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2
Q

What is the term for weeks 0-3?

A

Conceptus/ Embryo

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3
Q

What is the term for weeks 3-8?

A

Embryonic period

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4
Q

How much risk does the embryonic period carry?

A

Greatest risk for birth defects

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5
Q

What is the term for weeks 9-40?

A

Foetal period

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6
Q

What are the 6 phases of embryogenesis

A 
Gametogenesis
Fertilisation
Cleavage
Gastrulation
Formation of body plan
Organogenesis
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7
Q

How many days does it take for a spermatogonia to mature into a spermatozoa?

A

64 days

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8
Q

When is the reproductive life span of a female determined?

A

In foetal life

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9
Q

By which weeks are primary oocytes arrested in prophase 1? When does it resume again?

A

Week 28-30.

Resumes in puberty

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10
Q

What is mosaicism?

A

Individuals with 2 or more cell lines with different karyotypes

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11
Q

3 ways in which trisomy 21 can occur IN UTERO?

A

Meiotic nondisjunction
Mitotic disjunction
Translocation of 21p to 14p

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12
Q

Which layer does the acrosin from the acrosomal sperm head help to penetrate to reach the oocyte?

A

Zona pellucida

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13
Q

Which is released to prevent polyspermy after 1 sperm has successfully penetrated?

A

Lysosomal enzymes from cortical granules at plasma membrane

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14
Q

What are the products of meiosis II in oogenesis? (4)

A

Definitive oocyte

3 Polar bodies

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15
Q

What glycoprotein maintains sperm binding after it has penetrated the corona radiata?

A

ZP3 via human-specific interaction

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16
Q

When is meiosis II of oocyte completed?

A

When the spermatozoon enters

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17
Q

What size changes occur in cleavage?

A

No increase in size

*Confined/ compacted within zona pellucida

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18
Q

What are the mitotic daughter cells produced during cleavage called?

A

Blastomeres

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19
Q

How many blastomeres make up a morula?

A

12-16

20
Q

What is the structure with an inner cell mass (embryo) and outer cells (trophoblast) called?

A

Blastocyst

21
Q

What is the fluid in the cavity of the inner cell mass called?

A

Blastocele cavity

22
Q

When does the formation of the 3 germ layers from 2 occur?

A

Week 3

23
Q

At which phase are the body axes established by primitive streak?

A

Gastrulation

24
Q

What occurs during foetal period? (4)

A
  1. Growth and weight gain (2nd trimester in length and 3rd in weight)
  2. Tissue mature and becomes functional
  3. Overt sexual differentiation
  4. Bone laid down and connections made in CNS
25
Q

What is induction?

A

1 cell causing another to directly/ indirectly differentiate

26
Q

What are the 2 secondary processes?

A
  1. Axis formation/ polarity

2. Folding/ rotation - for complex 3D organ

27
Q

What can deletion in maternal chromosome 15q11-13 result in?

A

Angelman syndrome

28
Q

What can deletion in paternal chromosome 15q11-13 result in?

A

Prader-willis syndrome

29
Q

What is the outermost layer that penetrates into the endometrium? Where did it originate from?

A

Syncytiotrophoblast (multi-nucleated)

From trophoblasts

30
Q

Which cells produces hCG (pregnancy marker)? Where did it originate from?

A

Cytotrophoblast

From trophoblasts

31
Q

Why may some bleeding happen near 28th of menstrual cycle despite successful implantation?

A

Increased blood flow to lacunar spaces

32
Q

What does the embryoblast differentiate into?

A

Hypoblast (ventral)

Epiblast (dorsal)

33
Q

Where are amnioblasts from?

A

Epiblast, lines the amniotic cavity

34
Q

What becomes the umbilical cord?

A

Connecting stalk from the extraembryonic mesoderm

35
Q

When and where does the primitive streak appear?

A

Week 3

Midline at caudal end of epiblast

36
Q

Where are the 3 locations where an ectopic pregnancy can occur

A

Uterine tube
Peritoneum (Pouch of Douglas)
Internal os

37
Q

What layer becomes of the cells that migrate through the primitive streak between the epiblast and definitive endoderm (hypoblast)?

A

Mesoderm

38
Q

What does the ectoderm contribute to?

A

Epidermis of skin

Nervous system

39
Q

What does the endoderm contribute to?

A

Lining of GIT, Respi tract, bladder and urethra

40
Q

What does the paraxial mesoderm contribute to?

A

Axial skeletion, voluntary sketal muscles, parts of demis (back)

41
Q

What does the intermediate mesoderm contribute to?

A

Urogenital systems

42
Q

What does the lateral somatic mesoderm contribute to?

A

Most of dermis, body wall lining, parts of limb

43
Q

What does the lateral visceral mesoderm contribute to?

A

CVS, Mesothelium of organs, smooth muscles

44
Q

What % of non-disjunction events occur during oogenesis?

A

75%

45
Q

When does cleavage occur?

A

Day 1-3

46
Q

Where does the embryo normally implant?

A

Endometrial lining of Anterior/ Posterior uterine wall

Principles (14 decks)

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