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GI Midterm > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Blood supply for the foregut comes from which branch of the abdominal aorta

A

Celiac trunk

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2
Q

Branch of abdominal aorta that supplies lower duodenum, jejunum, legumes, cecum, appendix, ascending colon and proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

A

superior mesenteric a

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3
Q

Artery supplying the hindgut

A

Inferior mesenteric a

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4
Q

Mucosal epithelium and GI glands of the GI tract are derived from what germ layer (with exception of lower 1/3 of anus)

A

Endoderm

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5
Q

Muscular wall, vascular elements and CT elements of the GI tract originate from what germ layer

A

Splanchnics mesoderm

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6
Q

Enteric ganglia and nerves and Glia (NCC) and epithelium of lower 1/3 of anus are derived from what germ layer

A

Ectoderm

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7
Q

Adult derivatives of the dorsal mesentery

A 
Greater momentum  (gastrosplenic, gastronomic, splenorenal ligaments) 
SI mesentery 
Mesoappendix
Transverse mesocolon
Sigmoid mesocolon
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8
Q

Adult derivatives of the ventral mesentery

A

Lesser momentum (hepatoduodenal and hepatogastric ligaments)
Falciform ligament of liver
Coronary ligament of liver
Triangular ligament of liver

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9
Q

The esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and upper duodenum are derived from what embryonic structure

A

Foregut

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10
Q

During GI development, the stomach rotates 90 degrees ____, putting the dorsal mesentery to the R/L and the ventral mesentery to the R/L

A

CCW
Ventral moves right
Dorsal moves left
Lesser sac ends up behind stomach, dorsal mesogastriu enlarges forming greater momentum

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11
Q

The left vagus nerve is associated with which mesogastrium

A

Ventral

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12
Q

The right vagus nerve is asssociated with which mesogastrium

A

Dorsal

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13
Q

Narrowing of the pyloric lumen obstructing food passage is known as

A

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

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14
Q

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is caused by a failure of which cell type (and germ layer) to proliferate, causing a decrease in ______ (cell population)

A

NCC, Ectoderm

Decrease in ganglion cells of enteric nervous system

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15
Q

The liver begins as a Diverticulum of the gut endoderm t/f

A

T

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16
Q

Endodermal derivatives of the liver

A

Hepatocytes, bile ducts, hepatic cells

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17
Q

Splanchnic mesoderm derivatives of the liver

A

Stromal cells, kupffer, stellate cells

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18
Q

The pancreas is an entirely ______ (germ layer) based organ

A

Endoderm

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19
Q

What is the fate of the ventral pancreatic duct during development

A

Migrates and joins dorsal pancreatic duct that is growing into the dorsal mesentery

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20
Q

The dorsal pancreas makes up which parts of the pancreas?

The ventral pancreas makes up which parts of the pancreas?

A

Dorsal - tail, body, head

Ventral - uncinate process

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21
Q

Pancreatic abnormalities can include

A

Accessory pancreatic duct
Pancreas divisum - unconnected ventral and dorsal ducts
Annular pancreas - pancreas wraps duodenum and strangulates it

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22
Q

If the ventral pancreas migrates around both sides of the duodenum, it is possible for it to be unable to reach its final destination by the dorsal pancreatic bud and cause what pathology

A

Annular Pancreas
Duodenal obstruction or stenosis
Bilious vomiting (if inferior to bile duct)
Low birth weight

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23
Q

Bile is first formed by ______ cells during week ____

A

Hepatic cells

Week 12

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24
Q

During gallbladder development, the duct lien is first closed but opens during what process

A

Recanalization

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25
Q 
Progressive neonatal jaundice with onset after birth 
White clay stool 
Dark urine 
12-19 month survival time
Treatable with liver transplant
A

Biliary atresia

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26
Q

Biliary atresia is caused by an obliteration of what

A

Extrahepatic and/or intrahepatic ducts

Ducts replaced by fibrotic tissues due to acute or chronic inflammation

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27
Q

The spleen forms during what week of embryonic development

What germ layer is it derived from

A

5

Mesoderm

28
Q

Lower duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 of transverse colon are all structures of the

A

Midgut

29
Q

Due to limited size of the abdomen, the lengthening midgut must herniate through the _____
(Out at 6, back by 10)

A

Umbilicus

30
Q

The first gut rotation of ____ degrees ___ occurs at what day of fetal development and brings the cecum and future ascending colon into the left side

A

90 degrees CCW

50 days

31
Q

The second gut rotation of ____ degrees __ occurs at __ days and brings the cecum to the ULQ and ascending colon anterior to duodenum

A

180 CCW

70 days

32
Q

When the midgut returns to the cavity, the cecum descending into the lower right quadrant carrying the _______ along with it to the right side

A

Ascending colon

33
Q

Retroperitoneal viscera

A

Thoracic esophagus

Rectum

34
Q

Secondarily retroperitoneal viscera

A

Pancreas, duodenum, ascending and descending colon

35
Q

Intraperitoneal viscera

A

Liver, abdominal esophagus, stomach, transverse colon, cecum, ileum, jejunum, sigmoid colon

36
Q

Herniation through the umbilicus with a peritoneal covering is known as a

A

Omphalocele

37
Q

Hernation of the bowels through the abdominal wall wth no peritoneal covering is known as

A

Gastroschiscis

38
Q 
2% incidence 
2x more common in males 
2% have medical symptoms 
2 feet proximal to terminal ileum 
2 inches long 
2 years of age 
Leads to abdominal swelling, intestinal obstruction, bowel sepsis, and GI bleeding
A

Meckel’s Diverticulum

A failure of the yolk stalk connection to the midgut to regress

39
Q

Non-rotation of the midgut loop

Completes first 90 degree CCW rotation but does not complete remaining 180 degree CCW rotation, resulting in

A

Left side colon and right sided small intestine

40
Q

Reverse gut rotation

A

Completes initial 90 CCW but does 180 CW

Transverse colon ends up posterior to duodenum

41
Q

Rolled up, twisted intestines with acute abdominal pain, vomiting and GI bleeds is known as a

A

Volvulus

42
Q

the lumen of the intestines is temporarily obliterated because of endodermal proliferation during what month of fetal development

A

4-5th month

43
Q

As a result of failure of endodermal degeneration to reopen lumen of intestines, what two pathologies can occur?

A

Duodenal stenosis - partial occlusion due to ineffective recanalization

Duodenal atresia - complete occlusion of lumen

Associated with trisomy 21

44
Q

Distal 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and superior 2/3 of anal canal are all __________ derivatives

A

Hindgut

45
Q

What structures partitions the cloaca into dorsal anorectal and ventral urogenital sinus

A

Urorectal septum

46
Q

Before the urorectal septum reaches the perineum, what occurs to the cloacal membrane

A

Ruptures, opening both the UG sinus and anal canal to the exterior

47
Q

Vasculature of rectum, inferior mesenteric a, reveals its germ layer origins of

A

Endoderm

48
Q

Vascular supply of the anus by the internal iliac a reveals its germ layer origin:

A

Ectoderm

49
Q

The _________ divides the superior 2/3 and inferior 1/3 of the anus, demarcating the neurovascular supply to each region

A

Pectinate line

50
Q

If the anal membrane fails to rupture, what can occur

A 
Imperforated anus 
Low
Intermediate
High 
Atresia
51
Q

Defects in the urorectal septum will usually result in what substance being found in the vagina or urine of males

A

Meconium

52
Q

Absence of the ganglionic plexus due to absence of migration of NCC cells, causing hypertrophy of preceding regions of the bowel is known as

A

Hirschsprung’s disease

53
Q

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis has been associated with infants who have been treated with what antibiotic
Results in what type of vomitus

A

Erythromycin

Non-bilious

54
Q

Pancreatic islets consist of alpha, beta, and delta cells, which secrete glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin, respectively. These cells are derived from what germ layer?

A

Endoderm

55
Q

A 2 month old baby with sever jaundice also has dark colored urine (deep yellow) and white clay colored stool. Which fo the following disorders might be suspected

A

Extrahepatic biliar atrasia

56
Q

A 28 day old baby is brought to the physician because of projective vomiting after feeding. Until this time, the baby has had no problems feeding. ON examination, a small knot is palpate at the right costal margin. Which of the following disorders might be suspected?

A

Hypertrophic Pyloric stenosis

57
Q

Which artery supplies foregut derivatives of the digestive system?

A

Celiac trunk

58
Q

The most common type of anorectal malformation is

A

Anorectal agenesis

59
Q

The simple columnar or cuboidal epithelium lining the extrahepatic biliary duct is derived from

A

Endoderm

60
Q

A 4 day old baby boy has not defecated since coming home from the hospital even though feeding has been normal without any excessive vomiting. Rectal examination reveals a normal anus, anal canal, and rectum. However, a large fecal mass is found in the colon, and a large release of flats and feces follows the rectal exam. What condition is suspected?

A

Colonic aganglionosis

61
Q 
Which of the following structures is derived from the midgut 
Appendix 
Stomach
Liver
Pancreas
Sigmoid colon
A

Appendix

62
Q

A 3 month old baby girl presents with a swollen umbilicus that has failed to heal normally. The umbilicus drains secretion and there is a passage of fecal matterial through the umbilicus ast ties. What is the most likely diagnosis

A

Ileal diverticulum

63
Q

The midgut loop normally herniates through the primitive umbilical ring into the extraembryonic coelom during week 6 of development. Failure of intestinal loops to return to the abdominal cavity by week 11 results in

A

Omphalocele

64
Q

Kupffer Cells present in the adult liver are derived from

A

Mesoderm

65
Q

The simple columnar and stratified columnar epithelia lining the lower part of the anal canal is derived from

A

Ectoderm

66
Q

A baby born to a young woman whose pregnancy was complicated by polyhydramnios was placed in the ICU because of repeated vomiting containing bile. The stomach was markedly distended and only small amounts of meconium had passed through the anus. What is the most likely diagnosis

A

Duodenal atresia

GI Midterm (9 decks)

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