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Semester 1- ToB > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

When does the embryonic period occur?

A

Weeks 3-8

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2
Q

When does the Foetal period occur?

A

Weeks 9- end

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3
Q

Briefly describe what happens in fertilisation

A

An oocyte (released from the ovary) is invaded by a sperm cell in the fallopian tube.

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4
Q

Where is the ideal implantation site for the zygote?

A

The posterior uterine wall

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5
Q

When does cleavage of a zygote begin?

A

30 hours after fertilisation

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6
Q

What is a zona pellucida and what is its function?

A

A glycoprotein shell that protects the zygote from the reproductive tract and fertilisation by more sperm cells.

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7
Q

What is a morula?

A

A clump of totipotent cells (developed from the initial zygote)

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8
Q

What occurs on day 4 after fertilisation?

A

Compaction- first cavity formed- morula becomes a blastocyst

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9
Q

In a blastocyst, to what extent can the cells differentiate?

A

The cells are pluripotent (can become many but not all cell types)

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10
Q

When is the zona pellucida no longer needed?

A

Day 5

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11
Q

On what day do the cells implant in the uterine wall?

A

Day 6-7

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12
Q

Of a conceptus made up of 107 cells, how many will become the embryo?

A

8 cells

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13
Q

In week 2 of development, what does the outer cell mass differentiate into?

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

Cytotrophoblast

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14
Q

In week 2 of development, what does the inner cell mass differentiate into?

A

The bilaminar disk- hypoblast and epiblast

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15
Q

When is the amniotic cavity formed?

A

Day 8

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16
Q

What is the importance of the placenta?

A

Maternal flow is established for oxygen and other nutrients

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17
Q

Briefly describe what is meant by an ectopic pregancy

A

Implantation occurs away from the uterine body (eg. Fallopian tubes)
The tubes can rupture causing haemorrhage

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18
Q

Briefly describe what happens in placenta praevia

A

The conceptus implants in the lower uterine section
The placenta blocks the normal cervical opening
Risk of haemorrhage
Needs a C-section delivery

19
Q

On what day of development do blood vessels infiltrate the syncytiotrophoblast?

A

Day 12

20
Q

What week has the highest risk for congenital abnormalities to occur?

A

Week 3

21
Q

What happens in gastrulation?

A

The bilaminar disc becomes the trilaminar disc

The axes are established

22
Q

What appears to start gastrulation?

A

The primitive streak

23
Q

Where does the primitive streak appear?

A

Dorsal surface of the epiblast

24
Q

What are the three layers of the trilaminar disc called?

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

25
Q

What is the notochord?

A

A solid rod of cells in the midline of the trilaminar disc. It is the basis for the axial skeleton and drives the formation of the nervous system

26
Q

What develops from the ectoderm?

A

Organs

Structures that maintain contact with the outside world eg. nervous system, epidermis

27
Q

What develops from the mesoderm?

A

Supporting tissues- muscles, cartilage, bone, vascular system

28
Q

What develops from the endoderm?

A

Internal structures eg. respiratory tract, lining of GI tract

29
Q

What happens in the condition known as situs inversus?

A

Complete mirror image of organs

30
Q

Describe the 2 ways twins can form

A

Embryo splits after first cleavage- 2 placentas
OR
Inner cell mass duplicates- 1 shared placenta

31
Q

What is teratogenesis?

A

The process through which normal embryonic development is disrupted

32
Q

How does the ectoderm start to form the nervous system?

A

A neural plate forms which then differentiates and folds into the neural tube

33
Q

What are somites?

A

The organisation of paraxial mesoderm into segments

34
Q

How many somites are present at final development?

A

31 pairs

35
Q

The somite differentiates further to form 3 more discrete areas. What are these called?

A

Dermatome
Myotome
Sclerotome

36
Q

What is the developmental definition of the word ‘myotome’?

A

Myotome is tissue that gives rise to muscles

37
Q

What is the developmental definition of the word ‘dermatome’?

A

The part of the somite that gives rise to the dermis

38
Q

What does paraxial mesoderm differentiate into?

A

Axial skeleton, dermis, muscles of body wall, some limb muscles

39
Q

What does intermediate mesoderm differentiate into?

A

Urogenital system eg. kidneys, ureters, gonads

40
Q

What does lateral plate somatic mesoderm differentiate into?

A

Connective tissue

41
Q

What does lateral plate splanchnic mesoderm differentiate into?

A

Smooth musculature, connective tissue, vasculature of gut

42
Q

What does embryological folding achieve?

A

Draws together the margins of the disc

Embryo becomes suspended within the amniotic sac

43
Q

How long does the pre-embryonic period last?

A

First 2 weeks

Semester 1- ToB (17 decks)

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