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DHS2🎐 > EMBRYOLOGY > Flashcards

EMBRYOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

define embryology

A

study of embryo

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2
Q

another term for embryology

A

study of prenatal development

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3
Q

prenatal is divided into

A

embryology state and fetal stage

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4
Q

1st week from week 2-8 after fertilization is called?

A

embryo

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5
Q

after week 8 which is week 9 we call it?

A

fetus

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6
Q

from week 0-8 its called?

A

embryology

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7
Q

define ontogeny

A

state of development , healthy and normal individual

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8
Q

define teratology

A

due to malformation , abnormal development

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9
Q

meiosis is for

A

gamet cell division

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10
Q

mitosis is for

A

somatic cell division

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11
Q

in meiosis its 1 diploid cell undergoes how many rounds of division and produces how many cells

A

undergoes 2 rounds to produce 4 haploid cells.

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12
Q

in meiosis is the 4 haploid cells similar to the mother cell

A

no due to the cross over that happens in prophase I

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13
Q

in mitosis its 1 diploid cell undergoes how many rounds of division and produces how many cells

A

undergoes 1 round to produce 2 diploid cells

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14
Q

in mitosis is the 2 diploid cells similar to the mother cell

A

yes but smaller in size

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15
Q

define gametogenesis

A

formation and development of the sperm and ovum and reduction in number of chromosomes from diploid 46 to haploid 23

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16
Q

define primary germ cell

A

early precursor undifferentiated cells that eventually migrate to the gonads and differentiate into gametes (sperm or eggs) through meiosis

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17
Q

zygote which is now 46 chromosomes will divide rapidly by which process

A

mitosis to form a mass of 2,4,8,16,32 to infinity until it gives us tissue and organs

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18
Q

when primary cell become haploid 23 they are known as

A

mature germ cells which is also called gamets

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19
Q

in gametogenesis we have change in shape of primary germ cells what change takes in sperm and ovum

A

Sperm: Develops from a round cell into a streamlined, motile cell with a head, midpiece, and tail, designed for mobility and fertilization.
ovum: Remains large and round, optimizing for nutrient storage and support of the early embryo, with no structures for movement.

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20
Q

define phenotype

A

traits, which result from interaction of genotype with environment

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21
Q

where does the sperm contact the ovum to form a zygote

A

uterine tube

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22
Q

zygote is also known as

A

fertilized ovum

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23
Q

how can the sperm enter the ovum

A

the sperm head contains acrosomes which is basically lysosomes which will penetrate the ovum membrane.

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24
Q

define induction

A

one group of cells influences the development of another group of cells

25
Q

define genotype

A

specific set of genes an individual carries

26
Q

define competence

A

the ability of cell to respond to signals

27
Q

what happens if the cell is not responding to the signals which means it isn’t competent

A

differentiation wont occur in order for it to occur we need induction and competence

28
Q

define morula

A

solid ball of cells resulting from early divisions of zygote

29
Q

define blastocyst

A

morula develops into blastocyst which has a fluid filled cavity and begins to implant to uterine wall due to trophoblast cuz it got enzymes

30
Q

blastocyst has two main structures

A

Embryoblast: Becomes the embryo and eventually forms all the tissues and organs of the body.

Trophoblast: Contributes to the formation of the placenta, which supports and nourishes the developing embryo.

31
Q

there is cavity filled with fluid in blastula from does the fluid comes from

A

this fluid seeps inside from the uterine wall

32
Q

why is the morula known as undifferentiated totipotent cells

A

cells of the morula are considered undifferentiated because they have not yet begun to specialize, and they are totipotent because each cell has the potential to develop into a complete organism

33
Q

whys is blastocyst differentiated and pluripotent

A

cells started to differentiate resulting in two distinct cell types: the inner cell mass (pluripotent, forms the embryo) and the trophoblast (specialized, forms the placenta) and inner cell mass cells are pluripotent because they can form almost any cell type in the body but are no longer capable of forming an entire organism, including the placenta.

34
Q

1st week of development ends with

A

the implantation of blastocyst into the endometrium of uterus and this process involves the blastocyst embedding itself into the uterine lining, causing localized damage to the endometrium

35
Q

what happens in the 2nd week

A

the bilaminar embryo forms which is characterized by the presence of two distinct layers derived from the inner cell mass (embryoblast) of the blastocyst the layers are called epiblast and hypoblast

36
Q

epiblast is

A

columnar cells and will give us ectoderm

37
Q

hypoblast is

A

squamous cells and will give us endoderm

38
Q

what makes mesoderm

A

in week 3 the epiblast will migrate towards the primitive streak and gives us mesoderm

39
Q

what happens when you got the 2 layers which is epiblast and hypoblast

A

when you have these two layers we will divide the yolk sac into two sacs called AMNIOTIC AND SECONDARY YOLK SAC and this is in week 2

40
Q

define gastrulation

A

the formation of the 3 germ layers
beginning of morphogenesis

41
Q

why is primitive streak important

A

it divides the embryo into right and left

42
Q

what is the name of the gene which is important in gastrulation

A

BMP imp for morphogenesis of embryo

43
Q

formation of neural crest cells

A

group of cells that arise from ectoderm and migrate to various parts of embryo to form diff tissues EXCEPT ENAMEL

44
Q

what induces the formation of the neural plate

A

notochord (a structure derived from mesoderm) induces the overlying ectoderm to thicken and form the neural plate.

45
Q

define notochord

A

its a primitive spinal cord that will disappear and be replaced by the vertebrate also it gives support to the trilaminar disc

46
Q

define neurulation

A

is the transformation of neural plate into neural tube

47
Q

steps of neurulation

A

1- neural plate will fold to form neural groove
2- neural groove will fuse to form neural tube
3- neural tube give rise to brain and spinal cord

48
Q

what are the temporary openings at the ends of the neural tube

A

cranial neuropore and caudal neuropore

49
Q

neural crest gives rise to

A

cranial cells and sensory ganglia and nerves
sympathetic neurons
Schwan cells
pigment cells
meninges
cartilages of branchial arches
most of CT of face β€œectomesenchyme” EXCEPT ENAMEL

50
Q

why is neural crest imp

A

for development of face, neck and oral tissues

51
Q

neural crest defects

A

treacher collins syndrome ( mandibulofacial dysostosis) which underdevelopment of zygomatic bones, small mandible, malformed ears.

52
Q

what is caudal neuropore

A

end of embryo

53
Q

how many somites as humans we have

A

44 as humans

54
Q

when does somites disappear

A

week 4

55
Q

what is cranial neuropore

A

develop brain

56
Q

when do somites appear

A

week 3

57
Q

what will give us somite’s

A

through segmentation of paraxial mesoderm

58
Q

what forms paraxial mesoderm

A

forms through the thickening of the mesoderm on each side of the midline. This thickened mesoderm first organizes into somitomeres, which are precursor structures that later develop into somites.

59
Q

somite’s has 3 compartments

A

sclerotome : 2 adjacent vertebrae and their disks
myotome: segmented mass of muscle
dermatome: CT of skin overlying somite

DHS2🎐 (8 decks)

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