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DMD 5244 (Immunity) > Embryo and Histo lymphatics (complete) > Flashcards

Embryo and Histo lymphatics (complete) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the structures of the lymphatic system

A
  1. Lymphatic organs 2. Lymphocytes 3. Lymphatic vessels
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2
Q

What are the three main types of lymphocytes

A
  1. T-Cells 2. B-Cells 3. Null Cells
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3
Q

Where do T-Lymphocytes originate from

A

bone marrow

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4
Q

where do B-Lymphocytes originates from

A

Bone marrow

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5
Q

Where do all lymphocytes originate from

A

Bone marrow

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6
Q

Where do T-Lymphocytes mature

A

the Thymus

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7
Q

Where do B-Lymphocytes mature

A

Bone Marrow

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8
Q

What are Null Cells

A

immature Lymphocytes with no cell markers

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9
Q

What do B-Lymphocytes do

A

They have antibodies that recognize non-self cells, they then bind those antigens then become active and then initiate the creation of antibodies

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10
Q

What two kinds of cells do B-Lymphocytes differentiate into

A

Plasma cells Memory B cells

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11
Q

What do plamsa cells do

A

create and secrete antibodies

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12
Q

what do memory B-cells

A

remain in the circulation and lymph organs and wait to recognize the same antigen for a second

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13
Q

where do you find plasma cells

A

in lymphoid organs and connective tissue

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14
Q

where do you find memory B cells

A

in lymphoid organs and in the blood

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15
Q

What happens in a primary immune response

A
  • widespread inflammatory response to a first exposure to a pathogen - you body creates antibodies to fight against the pathogen
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16
Q

what happens in a secondary immune response

A
  • exposure to a pathogen for a second time only causes a small response by the body because the body has already created antibodies to fight it
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17
Q

What is humoral immunity

A

the type of immunity created by B-Lymphocytes, in which cells don’t mediate the immunity but macromolecules like Antibodies do.

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18
Q

What is cell-mediated immunity

A

immunity that is created by T-lymphocytes. in which the cells themselves mediate the immunity.

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19
Q

What are the primary lymphoid structures

A

Bone Marrow Thymus

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20
Q

What distinguishes primary lymphoid structures from secondary lymphoid structures

A

primary lymphoid structures are the places where immature lymphocytes differentiate and become mature Secondary lymphoid structures are the places where lymphocytes encounter pathogens and do immunity work

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21
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid structures

A

Lymph nodes and spleen

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22
Q

What are lymphatic vessels

A

vessels that take plasma/interstitial fluid/lymph from the tissues, through the nodes, and back into the veins

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23
Q

how do the walls of lymph vessles compare to arteries and veins

A

the walls are much thinner in lymph vessels

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24
Q

what kind of cells line the lymph vessels

A

endothelial cells

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25
Q

do lymph vessels have valves

A

yes

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26
Q

what is the purpose of the valves in lymph vessles

A

they prevent the backflow of lymph

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27
Q

do lymph vessels ever have smooth muscle

A

yes, but only sparsely in the larger vessels

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28
Q

do lymph vessels have three tunics like the other blood vessels

A

yes

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29
Q

how do the tunics of lymph vessels differ from those in arteries and veins

A

there is no distinct division between the three tunics

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30
Q

after a lymph vessel (capillary) picks up lymph from the interstitial space, does it have anything that the lymph runs through prior to making it back into a vein

A

Yes, lymph nodes

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31
Q

before lymphoid embryogenesis can occur, what must first have occured

A

formation of the cardiovascular system

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32
Q

why must the cardiovascular system have been formed before we can do lymphoid embryogenesis

A

because they form from LEC (Lymphatic endothelial cells) that leave from blood vessels

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33
Q

What is the process of development of lymph nodes

A
  1. LECs leave the blood vessels 2. those LECs and groups of mesenchyme aggregate to form lymph sacs 3. This forms lymphatic nodules 4. The nodules become surrounded by sinuses, with mesencyhme completing the lymph node 5. Lymphatic cells migrate from mesenchyme, thymus, and bone to fill the sinus’ and forming the lymph node 6. a caspule forms around the lymph node and trabecula invaginate and comparmentalize the lymph node
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34
Q

What are LECs

A

Lymphatic endothelial cells, cells that leave the blood vessels and initiate the formation of lymphatic tissue

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35
Q

What are lymphatic nodules

A

conglomerations of lymph tissue, but don’t have the sinuses like lymph nodes

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36
Q

What are the 6 primary lymph sacs

A

2 jugular lymph sacs 2 iliac lymph sacs 1 retroperitoneal lymph sac 1 cisterna chyli

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37
Q

What is vasculogenesis

A

the formation of blood or lymph vessels in a place where there were once no vessels

38
Q

When does vasculogenesis mostly occur

A

mostly in embryonic phases

39
Q

What is angiogenesis

A

one vessel budding or sprouting off of another existing vessel

40
Q

Which usually happens first in lymphoid embryogenesis angiogenesis or vasculogenesis

A

vasculogenesis

41
Q

How many thoracic ducts are there in the lymphatic system

A

three

42
Q

What are the three thoracic ducts of the lymphatic system

A

Right thoracic duct left thoracic duct common thoracic duct

43
Q

how do the lymphatic thoracic ducts form

A

the right and left thoracic ducts form as a connection between the jugular lymph sacs and the cisterna chyli. then anastomosis causes the two ducts to combine and form the common thoracic duct.

44
Q

what is anastomosis

A

the combining of things

45
Q

which is the most mature of the thoracic ducts

A

the common thoracic duct

46
Q

from where does the spleen form

A

from an aggregation of mesenchyme in the dorsal mesogastrium

47
Q

from where does the palatine tonsils form

A

the 2nd pharyngeal pouch

48
Q

from where do the tubal tonsils, pharyngeal tonsils, and lingual tonsils form

A

from aggregations of lymph nodules in the respective locations

49
Q

how common are congential abnormalities of lymph structures

A

rare

50
Q

what are the two types of congenital abnormalities of lymph structures

A

congenital lymphedema cystic hygroma

51
Q

what is congenital lymphedema

A

diffuse swelling in part of the body

52
Q

what is cystic hygroma

A

large swelling on the inferiolateral neck with large fluid filled cavities. the jugular lymph sac fails to drain

53
Q

how positive are the fetal outcomes for those with cystic hygroma

A

poor

54
Q

What are the four lymphoid structures we need to be able to identify histologically

A

lymph nodes thymus spleen MALT

55
Q

What is MALT

A

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

56
Q

What are the key things to look for histologically when looking at lymph nodes

A
  1. bean shaped body 2. dense fibrous capsule 3. trabecula 4. many afferent vessels, one efferent vessel 5. Has a cortex and medulla 6. Germinal centers in the cortex
57
Q

what are the different parts of a lymph node

A
  1. Cortex (outside) 2. Medulla (inside) 3. paracortex (between the two)
58
Q

What are the key things to look for histologically when looking at the thymus

A
  1. No germinal centers 2. Has a cortex and medulla 3. no afferent lymphatic vessels 4. large macrophages 5. Hassall corpuscle (big white swirly thing) 6. thin connective tissue compared to lymph nodes and spleen
59
Q

What are the main things to look for histologically when looking at the spleen

A
  1. thick capsule 2. Red and white pulp 3. trabecula 4. no cortex and medulla 5. has germinal centers
60
Q

What is the white pulp of the spleen

A

a location in the spleen near the central artery with abundant B cells

61
Q

What is the red pulp of the spleen

A

a blood rich area which is a reservoir for RBCs and platelets

62
Q

Where do we normally see MALT

A

epithelium in close proximity to where we eat, breath, or take things in

63
Q

What is GALT

A

MALT in the intestines (clumps of lymphatic tissue in the intestines)

64
Q

what is the name for GALT in the ileum

A

Peyer’s Patches

65
Q

What is BALT

A

MALT in the bronchi and bronchioles

66
Q

What are key features to look for when identifying MALT histologically

A
  1. tube of sorts 2. lymphatic nodules in the wall of the tube
67
Q

What are key features to look for when identifying tonsils histologically

A
  1. Aggregation of lymph nodules 2. Crypts 3. Un encapsulated
68
Q

What are the four tonsils of the tonsillar ring

A
  1. Palatine 2. Tubal 3. Pharyngeal (adenoids) 4. lingual
69
Q

Which of the following have a capsule Nodes Thymus Spleen MALT (PP) Tonsil

A

Nodes = Yes Thymus = thin Spleen = Thick Malt = No Tonsil = No

70
Q

Which of the following have germinal centers Nodes Thymus Spleen MALT (PP) Tonsil

A

Nodes = Yes Thymus = No Spleen = Yes MALT = Yes Tonsil = Yes

71
Q

Which of the following have a cortex Nodes Thymus Spleen MALT (PP) Tonsil

A

Nodes = Yes Thymus = Yes Spleen = No MALT = No Tonsil = No

72
Q

Which of the following have a medulla Nodes Thymus Spleen MALT (PP) Tonsil

A

Nodes = Yes Thymus = Yes Spleen = No MALT = No Tonsil = No

73
Q

Which of the following do lymph nodes have Capsule germinal centers cortex medulla

A

All

74
Q

Which of the following does the thymus have Capsule germinal centers cortex medulla

A

thin capsule no germinal center both medulla and cortex

75
Q

Which of the following does the spleen have Capsule germinal centers cortex medulla

A

thick capsule germinal centers no cortex or medulla

76
Q

Which of the following does MALT have Capsule germinal centers cortex medulla

A

no capsule, medulla, or cortex it does have germinal centers

77
Q

Which of the following do tonsils have Capsule germinal centers cortex medulla

A

Same as MALT no capsule, medulla, or cortex it does have germinal centers

78
Q

which type of lymphatic tissue is this?

A

MALT

79
Q

which type of lymphatic tissue is this?

A

MALT

80
Q

which type of lymphatic tissue is this?

A

Lymph Node

81
Q

which type of lymphatic tissue is this?

A

lymph node

82
Q

which type of lymphatic tissue is this?

A

Lymph node

83
Q

which type of lymphatic tissue is this?

A

Lymph node

84
Q

which type of lymphatic tissue is this?

A

Lymph node

85
Q

which type of lymphatic tissue is this?

A

Spleen

86
Q

which type of lymphatic tissue is this?

A

spleen

87
Q

which type of lymphatic tissue is this?

A

Thymus

88
Q

which type of lymphatic tissue is this?

A

Thymus

89
Q

which type of lymphatic tissue is this?

A

thymus

90
Q

which type of lymphatic tissue is this?

A

tonsils

91
Q

which type of lymphatic tissue is this?

A

tonsil

DMD 5244 (Immunity) (16 decks)

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