Adaptive immunity Antibodies (complete)

Question 1

What is passive immunity

Answer 1

the passing of immunity (through Antibodies and B cells) from one person/organism to another

Question 2

what does immunogenicity refer to

Answer 2

a molecules ability to induce an immune response

Question 3

what does antigenicity refer to

Answer 3

the ability to react specifically with the products of an immune response

Question 4

what is humoral immunity

Answer 4

immunity that is mediated by antibodies (macromolecules) and B-cells

Question 5

how does foreigness correlate with immunogenicity

Answer 5

the more foreign, the more immunogenic

Question 6

What are haptens

Answer 6

small molecules that illicit an immune response, only when paired to a large carrier, even if the carrier doesn’t illicit an immune response on its own

Question 7

what is neutralization by antibodies

Answer 7

the binding of antibodies to viruses, bacteria and toxins and the consequential prevention of their attachment to host cells

Question 8

What is avidity

Answer 8

the overall strength of association of a multivalent antibody and a multivalent antigen

Question 9

what is affinity

Answer 9

The strength of association between 1 epitope/paratope only

Question 10

which is a better measure of how antibodies act with antigens? avidity, or affinity?

Answer 10

avidity

Question 11

Where do you find antibodies in circulation

Answer 11

in the y-globulin fraction of serum

Question 12

Antibodies are glycoprotiens. T or F?

Answer 12

True

Question 13

what are the basic parts of antibodies

Answer 13

2 identical heavy chains and 2 identical light chains

Question 14

What types of bonds hold the heavy and light chains of antibodies together

Answer 14

disulfide bonds

Question 15

both heavy and light chains have homologous domains that have disulfide riveted loops. how many domains do light chains have, and how many domains do heavy chains have

Answer 15

light chains have 2 domains

heavy chains have 5 domains

Question 16

how many of the heavy chains 5 domains are variable

Answer 16

1

Question 17

how many of the light chains 2 domains are variable

Answer 17

1

Question 18

what are the singular variable domains of the heavy and lights chains used for

Answer 18

antigen binding

Question 19

what are the constant domains of the heavy and light chains used for

Answer 19

biological activity

Question 20

for each antibody, how many antigen binding sites do you have

Answer 20

2 (made by the variable domains of each pair of heavy and light chains)

Question 21

Where do you find the hypervariable regions of antibodies

Answer 21

in the antigen binding pocket (on the variable domains)

Question 22

which two classes of Antibodies are polymers

Answer 22

IgA and IgM

Question 23

which two classes of Antibodies have J chains

Answer 23

IgA and IgM (the polymers)

Question 24

which two classes of antibodies have an extra constant domain

Answer 24

IgM and IgE

Question 25

which two classes of antibodies have subclasses

Answer 25

IgA and IgG

Question 26

What are the main functions of IgM

Answer 26

neutralization complement activation antigen trapping antigen receptor of Naive and some memory B-cells

Question 27

What are the main functions of IgG

Answer 27

``` neutralization complement activation induction of phagocytosis ADCC transfer of adaptive immunity to offspring regulation of antibody production ```

Question 28

what are the main functions of IgA

Answer 28

neutralization protection of mucosa induction of phagocytosis protection of newborn mucosa via milk

Question 29

what are the main functions of IgE

Answer 29

activation of mast cells and basophils to promote barrier immunity

Question 30

what is the main function of IgD

Answer 30

antigen receptor on Naive follicular B cells

Question 31

Which is the first antibody made, and has paratopes with lower affinity

Answer 31

IgM

Question 32

what is the main class of antibodies in the blood and tissues

Answer 32

IgG

Question 33

which antibody is involved in allergies

Answer 33

IgE

Question 34

which antibody is found as a BCR (B-cell Receptor) and has no effector properties

Answer 34

IgD

Question 35

how do polymeric IgA (and to a lesser extent polymeric IgM) get from the basal side of an epithelial cell to the lumen on the other side of the cell

Answer 35

they bind a polymeric Ig receptor on the basal side of the epithelial cell, this transports it through a vesicle and to the luminal side of the cell. Then proteases cleave the polymeric Ig receptor (most of it stays with the IgA) and the polymeric IgA is now in the lumen

Question 36

what is the portion of the polymeric Ig receptor that is left with the polymeric IgA in the lumen called

Answer 36

the secretory component

Question 37

what are the two main functions of the secretory component on the polymeric IgA (IgM) in the lumen

Answer 37

protect it from proteases | binds to mucus to localize the antibody

Question 38

what does FcRn do to IgG (similar to what a polymeric Ig receptor does to polymetric IgA in epithelial cells)

Answer 38

it transports IgG across the placenta into the fetus

Question 39

for newborns, what are the levels of antibodies

Answer 39

1. high IgG 2. low/medium IgM 3. Low IgA

Question 40

how does IgG activate complement

Answer 40

C1q of complement binds a cluster of IgG, this binding distorts C1q, which activates C1r and C1s (those cleave C4 and C2)

Question 41

how does IgM activate complement

Answer 41

the same way as IgG EXCEPT that the C1q just binds to one IgM (polymer). this distorts C1q, activates C1s and C1r. those cleave C4 and C2

Question 42

what is the function of Fc receptors

Answer 42

they bind the back side on antibodies (the opposite side of the antigen binding site)

Question 43

on which types of cells do you find Fc receptors

Answer 43

``` macrophages neutrophils mast cells basophils eosinophils NK cells ```

Question 44

what does binding of an antibody (attached to an antigen) to the Fc receptor of macrophages and neutrophils cause them to do

Answer 44

activate phagocytosis and respiratory burst

Question 45

what does binding of an antibody (attached to an antigen) to the Fc receptor of mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils cause them to do

Answer 45

release their granules

Question 46

what does binding of an antibody (attached to an antigen) to the Fc receptor of NK cells cause them to do

Answer 46

deliver perforin/granzyme hit (ADCC)

Question 47

what is ADCC

Answer 47

antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (the delivery of perforin/granzyme hit from NK cells that have binded antibodies to their Fc receptor)

Question 48

how does streptococci prevent the usage of Fc cells

Answer 48

it makes IgA-binding proteins that block the ability of IgA to bind to the Fc receptors of phagocytes

Question 49

how does staphylococcus aureus prevent the usage of Fc cells.

Answer 49

it makes a protein that binds to the Fc end of IgG and prevents IgG binding to Fc receptors of phagocytes

Question 50

which types of IgG are neutralizing antibodies? and what does that mean

Answer 50

IgG2 and IgG4. | netralizing means that they don't activate complement or bind to most Fc receptors, they just neutralize the pathogen

Question 51

which types of IgG activate complement and bind to most Fc receptors (thus causing phagocytosis and inflammation)

Answer 51

IgG1 and IgG3

Question 52

which types of IgG cause a Th1 response

Answer 52

IgG1 and IgG3

Question 53

what are monoclonal antibodies for

Answer 53

they are antibodies that are made outside of the organism in which they are used as a means of treating a disease or infection