Acquired immunity IV immunizations (complete) Flashcards
What are the 4 types of acquired immunity
Naturally acquired active
naturally acquired passive
artificially acquired active
artificially acquired passive
What is a naturally acquired immunity
an immune response against antigens encountered in daily life
what is an artificially acquired immunity
an immune response against antigens introduced via medical intervention
what is active immunity
the products of immunity are made by the individual (antibodies and such)
what is passive immunity
passively receiving antibodies made by another individual
what is an example of natural passive immunity
antibodies transferred from mother to offspring across the placenta or in the breastmilk
are vaccines effective?
yes, very
when do you use artificial passive immunity
to protect against a recent infection
when there is a life threatening exposure
immune deficiency
what are some problems with antiserum
- too many different antigens, not just those of interest
- can lead to allergic reactions
- antiserum may have viral contaminants
- the antibodies are quickly degraded
what type of hypersensitivities can be caused by passive immunization
type 1 and type 3
why do we do active immunizations
to induce immunity and memory
What are the pros of live, attenuated vaccines (weakened pathogens)
they retain their ability to replicate which promotes humoral and cell mediated immunity
often don’t need boosters
what are the cons of live, attenuated vaccines (weakened pathoges)
may become pathogenic again
may have more side effect complications
may require a cold chain
what are the pros of inactivated or killed vaccines
no reversion to pathogenic form
more stable, easier to store and transport
what are the cons of inactivated or killed vaccines
often require boosters
they don’t replicate so they don’t induce cell-mediated immunity
dangerous in not all the pathogen is killed/inactivated
what are subunit vaccines
purified macromolecules derived from the pathogen (similar to killed vaccines)
What are recombinant vector vaccines
attenuated pathogens are used, and they are put into a vector
what are the pros of vector vaccines
all the pros of attenuated vaccines, without the risk of it becoming pathogenic (does have the other cons - stability issues)
what are DNA vaccines
plasmids with pathogen genes injected into muscle tissue, the host takes up the DNA and expresses it internally
what are the pros of DNA vaccines
induces both types of adaptive immunity
prolongs expression and memory
very stable and customizable
(no known cons yet)
what are conjugate or multivalent vaccines
the pairing of your antigen of interest with something that illicits a good immune response. (this leads to a better immunogenicity)
what are ISCOMs
immunostimulating complexes, they are lipid carriers that help transport your antigen of interest into the cell to bind to MHC 1 receptors.
what are adjuvants
things you add to your antigen to increase the immune response against it
some examples of adjuvants
Alum
MF59
ASO4
Quil A
