Embalming 2 Exam 5 Flashcards
action of a force against an opposing force (a force applied or acting against resistances).
PRESSURE
Recommended/Ideal pressure is whatever pressure is necessary to overcome initial vascular resistance and distribute embalming solution to all areas of the dead human body (ideal pressure) – adjective to describe pressure
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speed at which fluid is injected measure in ounces per minute – PSI. Controlled by a valve on the embalming machine which controls the flow of fluid muck like a water faucet.
RATE OF FLOW
that which will ensure uniform distribution without causing (promoting) over distention (swelling).
Ideal rate of flow
METHODS OF CREATING PRESSURE
Gravity Injector Method GRAVITY PROBLEMS HAND PUMP Bulb Syringe Motorized Force Pump
consist of a glass bottle (PERCOLATOR), rubber tubing and a device to suspend the bottle above the point of injection.
Gravity Injector Method
Pressure is increased .43 pounds, (approximately ½) for every foot of elevation above the point of injection.
Every
28 inches (2.33 feet) above injection creates 1 pound of pressure.
56 inches (4.66 feet) above injection creates 2 pounds of pressure.
84 inches (7.00 feet) above injection creates 3 pounds of pressure.The percolator is elevated 5 feet above point of injection, how much injection pressure is created? 5 x .43 = 2.15 lbs.
To create 3 pounds of injection pressure how many feet, above the point of injection would the percolator need to be raised? 3 / .43 = 6.97 feet.
GRAVITY PROBLEMS
consist of a hand operated pump, tubing and a goose neck arrangement and glass fluid bottle.
Creates, injection pressure can be used for aspiration.
Over sized hypodermics syringe attached to bottle and used to create injection pressure or create pressure for aspiration.
HAND PUMP
used in combo with hand pump or percolator. Self contained soft rubber, manual pump. Used only to deliver fluid.
Simplest form of injection apparatus,
consist of a bulb type rubber syringe and rubber tubing.
Bulb Syringe
most commonly used method of crating injection pressure.
Two common types are:
PULSATING and NON-PULSATING
Motorized Force Pump (centrifugal)
Fluid injected in spurts.
PULSATING
Fluid injected on a continuous basis.
NON PULSATING
pressure indicated by the injector gauge needle which the injector motor is running and the arterial tubing is clamped off.
Potential Pressure
pressure indicated by the injector gauge needle when the arterial tube is open and the arterial solution is flowing into the body. (tells amount, it can be zero)
Actual Pressure
difference between potential and actual pressure. P-A=D (actual pressure fluid flowing in dead human body)
Differential Pressure
Consideration for Force Pump:
reliable,
wide pressure range, same as a high as 200 pounds.
Never leave empty, can create air bubbles or dry out gaskets
Constant pressure,
large unit volume, usually at least three gallons.
Precautions for force pumps:
needs frequent servicing,
requires constant attention of the operator.
(within the vessels venous side or arterial side.)
Condition of the vessels are normal versus sclerotic.
Femoral most common for sclerotic cuz distance from heart & less pressure.
Local congestion of blood in the area prevents the flow of additional fluid in an area. (Why want to embalm asap after death)
Intravascular influence
Extra vascular influence – (those outside the vessels)
weight on the viscera Gas in the viscera Gas in the viscera Tumors Ascities Contact pressure Edema of the extremities
pressing mainly on the descending aorta.
*if embalming from the femoral – viscera will be embalmed first causing problems for circulation toward the head. Viscera may begin to harden.
weight on the viscera
pressure against the descending aorta.
Gas in the viscera
pressing against the outside wall of the arteries, outside the vascular system.
Tumors
excess fluid in the abdominal cavities.
Ascities
bandages, clothing, etc., also – contact with certain areas of the body with the embalming table and positioning devices.
Contact pressure
caused by heart or kidney failure or venous obstruction.
Swollen ankles or tissue may have complications during embalming.
Edema of the extremities
the time between death and embalming.
POST MORTEM INTERVAL
Presence of Rigor Mortis – body is highly acidic (pH 5), once rigor is relieved body is alkaline again.
State of decomposition – still attempt vascular embalming, always try to keep decomposition from advancing any further. (caused by autolytic)
Discoloration – blood pools to the lower region of the position of the body.
Livor Mortis or Cadaveric Lividity
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The dilution attained as the embalming solution is mixed in the embalming machine.
This is determined by the embalming analysis and prepared by the embalmer.
Primary Dilution
To determine the strength of a primary dilution, the following formula may be employed: C x V = C’ x V’
C = the strength of the concentrated fluid (index) on the bottle of fluid.
V = the amount (volume fluid) of the concentrated fluid. The number of ounces of fluid to be used. C’ = the strength of the diluted fluid (%). The mixture of fluid and water in the embalming machine. V’ = the amount (volume water) of the diluted fluid.
The state of Texas states that at least 1% of formaldehyde solution - most embalmers use 2% formaldehyde solution.
Recommended to inject one gallon of diluted fluid for every 50 pounds of body weight.
General information: 128 ounces in a gallon
Recommended strength of injection solution is 1.5 to 2.0%.
The weakening of the embalming fluid by the fluids in the body, both vascular and interstitial.
Secondary dilution
Conditions that will cause Secondary dilution to vary:
(1) edema
(2) dehydration
any form of edema rather localized or generalized will increase the weakening of the embalming fluid
edema
any amount will decrease the weakening of the embalming fluid
dehydration
The movement of embalming (arterial) solution from the point of injection throughout the arterial system and into the capillaries.
Fluid Distribution
The movement of molecules or other particulars in solution from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration until a uniform concentration is reached.
Fluid diffusion
Processes related to fluid diffusion
- Pressure Filtration
- Osmosis
- Dialysis
- Gravity filtration
The positive intravascular pressure causing passage of embalming fluid through the capillary wall to mix with the interstitial fluids.
The movement from an intravascular to an extra vascular position.
Pressure Filtration
The passage of a solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a semipermeable membrane.
Process by which most embalming chemicals move from the interstitial fluids through the cell wall and into the cell.
Osmosis
Possible solutions encountered in osmosis hypotonic solution
Hypotonic solution
Isotonic solution
Hypertonic solution
A solution having a lesser concentration of dissolved solute than the solution to which it is compared.
Will move toward the more concentrated solution (try to create a state of equilibrium - balance between the two).
Hypotonic solution
A solution having an equal concentration of dissolved solute to that to which it is compared.
Tends to be no movement, since the two solutions are already in a state of equilibrium/balance.
Isotonic solution
A solution having a greater concentration of dissolved solute than the solution to which it is compared.
Will not move; instead the other solution will move toward it to create equilibrium/balance.
Hypertonic solution
Separation of substances in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane.
Dialysis
The extravascular movement of preservative fluids by gravitational force to the dependent areas of the body.
Gravity filtration
Signs of fluid distribution and diffusion
1. Distention of superficial vessels.
2. Large volume of blood drainage.
3. Reduction of intravascular blood discoloration.
4. Dye tracing
5. Loss of elasticity of tissue (firming)
6. Drying of tissues
7. Tissue distention - seen in the lips and finger tips.
8. Bleaching of the tissues.
Methods of improving fluid distribution
Increase the rate of flow
Increase the injection pressure
Restrict the drainage - this will increase intravascular pressure.
Massage the body.
Lower the arms.
